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Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Cetane number is one of the most important characteristics for diesel fuel performance and describes how easily diesel fuel ignites when it is added to compression-heated air. Cetane is a paraffinic hydrocarbon with 16 carbon atoms that ignites relatively easily under pressure and is used as a reference. Cetane is assigned a cetane number of 100 and diesel fuels are rated as to how easily they ignite in a test engine. The higher the number, the more easily the diesel will ignite. In Europe, the cetane number of automotive diesel is required to be at least 51 (EN 590), whereas in the U.S. 40 is the required minimum (ASTM D975).
Comprehensive characterization of particulate matter emissions produced by a liquid-fueled miniCAST burner
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023
Mouad Daoudi, Philipp Schiffmann, Alessandro Faccinetto, Arnaud Frobert, Pascale Desgroux
The upper flame is fueled by two coaxially arranged vertical tubes carrying in the center a C3H8/air mixture and in the peripheral tube the liquid fuel. The lower flame (1) is fueled by a homogeneous mixture of 30 mL/min of C3H8 and 300 mL/min of air and is used for pre-heating the liquid fuel routed through the annular space. The central tube is used to deliver a C3H8/air mixture (10 mL/min of C3H8 with 20 mL/min of mixing air) to sustain the idle flame on the burner’s top, which provides the ignition for the sooting flame supplied with the liquid fuel as shown in Figure 2. Upon each use, a 30 min warm-up period during which the burner runs under idle condition is needed to establish a thermal steady state for the system. During this time, the oxidation air flow rate is by default set to 3 L/min to provide enough oxygen for the complete combustion of the heating flame. Once ready, mixing air and oxidation air flow rates can be tuned in the ranges 10–250 mL/min and 1-3 L/min, respectively. By adding the desired liquid fuel flow rate, the idle flame on the top of the burner is replaced by a bright yellow sooting flame (2). To quench residual reactivity and limit particle coagulation, the exhaust is diluted at the tip of the flame using 7.5 L/min of N2. A subsequent dilution with 20 L/min of filtered air further reduces particle coagulation. The factory mass flow controller (e.g., mini-CORI-FLOW) for liquid fuel is limited to 70 µL/min and was found to be a major source of flame instability. To improve test-to-test repeatability, the mass flow controller was replaced with a syringe pump model P-500 (Pharmacia biotech., USA) to deliver precise and constant liquid fuel flow allowing both a wider and stable operating range between 0 and 250 µL/min. In this work, the European standard fuel for light duty vehicles diesel B7 (EN 590 2022) was used over the entire operating range.