China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel through Catalytic Routes
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap, Nasar Mansir
Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is conventionally produced from a renewable-based starting material, usually vegetable oil or animal fat. Biodiesel is technically manufactured using chemical reactions aided by catalyst, methanol, and temperature. The adopted chemical reaction processes used for the synthesis is esterification of fatty acid to produce biodiesel and water or transesterification of triglycerides to produce biodiesel and glycerol (Shin et al. 2012). The recent attention received by renewable fuels particularly biodiesel was because of its environmental benign nature, availability of substrate, naturally biodegradable, and less toxic components such as sulfur and nitrous oxides. Besides its environmentally benign nature and low-cost starting material, biodiesel operates conventionally in the same way that petroleum-based fuels work in the engines without any identified obstacles (Taufiq-Yap et al. 2014).
Energy and resource recovery from sludge
Published in Bhola R. Gurjar, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Sludge Management, 2017
Bhola R. Gurjar, Vinay Kumar Tyagi
Biodiesel, esters of simple alkyl fatty acids, is produced by the trans-esterification reaction using triglycerides (which are made up of an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids and are the main form of fat) and methanol (MeOH) in the presence of homogeneous base catalysts (Zullaikah et al., 2005; Ghadge & Raheman, 2006). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is the term for biodiesel made when methanol is used as the alcohol in the trans-esterification process. Methanol is extensively used as the alcohol for producing biodiesel because it is the least expensive alcohol. The yield of trans-esterification depends on various factors including the type of catalyst (base, acid, enzyme or heterogeneous), alcohol/vegetable oil molar ratio, temperature, and duration of reaction, water content and free fatty acid content (Siddiquee & Rohani, 2011).
Introduction
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Besides bioethanol, biodiesel has been the most widely used biofuel in the world and especially in Europe since the 1990s. Biodiesel is a mixture of different types of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that could be used in diesel engines as neat fuel, but in actual applications it is blended at low percentages (e.g., 7% max in Europe). Physical properties of FAME biodiesel are closer to those of conventional fossil diesel fuel than the initial feedstock (vegetable oils, lipids). For example, the density of FAME biodiesel at 20°C is about 880 kg/m3, while the density of fossil-type diesel is about 830 kg/m3. Similarly, the cetane number of FAME biodiesel is 56, while that of diesel is about 50. Chapter 9 is devoted entirely to the discussion of the production, properties, and quality of biodiesel as the most widely used biofuel in Europe for transportation. The chapter reviews various types of feedstock materials and corresponding processes to produce biodiesel, followed by chemical and physical properties of biodiesel for quality control, including oxidation stability, cold properties, density and viscosity, vapor pressure and heating value, solubility, hygroscopicity, biological contamination, interfacial tension, flash point, cetane number, corrosivity, acidity, water content, carbon residue, and chemical composition. In addition, factors that affect processing (including separation of contaminants) and related problems as well as handling of effluents are also discussed in this chapter. A comparison between the quality and the characteristics of biodiesels produced in the United States and Europe is finally presented.
Estimation of biodiesel properties based on fatty acid profiles of Chlamydomonas sp. BTA 9032 and Chlorella sp. BTA 9031 obtained under mixotrophic cultivation conditions
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Madhumanti Mondal, Anoar Ali Khan, Gopinath Halder
Biodiesel standards, namely ASTM D6751 (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN 14214 (European Norms), were designed to ensure rich product quality and to develop consumers’ confidence in biodiesel [6]. Biodiesel is an assortment of fatty acid alkyl esters produced by transesterification of fats obtained from any biological sources including animal fat and vegetable oil. It is biodegradable and non-toxic and possesses lower emission profiles when compared to conventional fuels [7]. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) alone, or as a blend with petroleum diesel, has the potential to be used in place of petroleum diesel because of its renewable nature and low emission of particulate matter [8–9]. Microalgal biodiesel is a promising, environmentally benign fossil fuel replacement due to its carbon neutrality, lower emission of hydrocarbons and sulfur, and longer engine lifetime. At the same time, it faces many hurdles including social, political, economic and technical issues [10]. Besides, microalgae-derived lipids can be converted to methyl esters and alkanes for use in spark-ignition engines, compression ignition engines and aircraft gas turbine engines, yet the suitability of microalgal biodiesel eventually depends on the composition of the fatty acid (FA) [11].
Optimisation of transesterification of Croton megalocarpus oil over alkaline earth catalysts using conventional and microwave irradiation by response surface methodology
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2021
Anil Kumar, Henry Kirimi Kiriamiti
Biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum diesel, add little to net carbon dioxide, do not lead to air pollution, and is free of nitrogen and sulphur [1]. Croton megalocarpus is an indigenous tree in East Africa. A multi-criterion-decision-analysis ranked Croton megalocarpus as the plant with the highest vegetable oil production potential followed by M. oliefera, J. curcas, A. moluccana, and P. glabra [2,3]. Vegetable oil or animal fat can be converted into biodiesel by application of heat (thermal decomposition), or through a chemical reaction (transesterification). Catalytic thermal decomposition gives end products of a mixture of gasoline, petro-diesel and gaseous fuel [4,5]. Biodiesel produced by transesterification involves a reaction of oil/fat with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Transesterification reaction of triglyceride with alcohol is represented by the general equation (Figure 1) in which the reaction products are Fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. This reaction is reversible and is supposed to occur in three reversible steps [6]. When methanol is used as the alcohol, the transesterification results in the formation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
Methyl esters (biodiesel) from Melanolepis multiglandulosa (alim) seed oil and their properties
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Gerhard Knothe, Luis F. Razon, Maria Ellenita G. de Castro
Oils and fats consisting largely of triacylglycerols, which include vegetable as well as other plant oils, animal fats, used cooking oils and algal oils, are all sources of biodiesel [1–4], a biogenic alternative to diesel fuel derived from petroleum. Transesterification of the feedstocks with a monohydric alcohol produces biodiesel (yielding glycerol as co-product), defined as the mono-alkyl esters of such feedstocks [5]. As the least expensive alcohol, methanol is commonly used. Biodiesel is therefore often known as FAME (fatty acid methyl esters). Standards commonly applied to biodiesel in the form of methyl esters are ASTM D6751 [5] in the US and EN 14214 [6] in Europe.