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Diathermy therapy
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
MWD uses EM fields at the microwave frequency band to heat a lesser tissue depth compared to shortwave diathermy. MWD devices operate at frequencies within the ISM range: 433.92 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.45 GHz. Microwave energy is usually generated by a device called a magnetron oscillator applied to human body by a special designed antenna backed by a reflector enclosed within a plastic case, one face of which is transparent to the microwave signal.
Nonionizing Radiation
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Diathermy units utilize ultrasonic, microwave (915 or 2450 MHz), or shortwave (13.56 or 27.12 MHz) frequencies. Diathermies may be continuous wave or pulsed. The leakage field around the applicator depends upon the type of applicator used. Relatively high field strengths may be found in the vicinity of the cables. If the therapist adjusts the equipment during operation, the greatest exposure will be to the hands. Service personnel may be exposed during maintenance of an energized system. Fields near the back of an energized unit that had the access cover removed for servicing were approximately 1000 V/m and 3 A/m.
Thermal Therapy Applications of Electromagnetic Energy
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
P.R. Stauffer, D.B. Rodrigues, D. Haemmerich, C.-K. Chou
Since the 1940s, diathermy has been used in rehabilitation medicine to relieve pain from sprains and strains. To accomplish therapy, radiofrequency (RF), microwave (MW), and ultrasound (US) energy have been used for deep tissue heating to increase blood flow and collagen tissue extensibility as well as to decrease joint stiffness and muscle spasm [1]. Since the mid-1970s, moderate temperature hyperthermia (40–45°C for 30–60 min) has been applied in combination with ionizing radiation and/or chemotherapy to treat cancer [2–7]. Due to widely varying requirements for controllably heating tissue in the head, thorax, pelvis, and extremities, equipment for heating tumors located near the surface or deep in the body continues to evolve to this day [8–10]. External heating systems generally rely on deposition of electromagnetic (EM) energy via electric fields radiated or capacitively coupled into the body, magnetic fields inductively coupled into the body, or ultrasound acoustic pressure fields conducted into the body. In the 1980s, there was extensive development of miniature implantable heat sources based on resistively or capacitively coupled RF currents, circular or linear polarization MW antennas, optical fiber mounted laser-illuminated diffuser crystals, or various hot source techniques all designed to produce moderate temperature rise in tumor when implanted in a closely spaced array of sources [11]. Over the next decade, these same implanted heat sources were adapted to apply higher powers to achieve complete tissue necrosis, or thermal ablation, at tissue temperatures between 50°C and 100°C for clinical applications like treating cardiac arrhythmias [12–14], and soon thereafter also for malignant tumors [15–17]. Diathermy, hyperthermia, and ablation all use the same EM energy deposition fundamentals to achieve different tissue temperature profiles that address unique clinical conditions and diseases. Other medical applications using the propagating characteristics of EM fields, such as radiofrequency telemetry to couple sound signals to implanted hearing devices [18,19], electroporation [20], microwave radiometry for temperature monitoring [21–24], active microwave imaging [25,26], and low frequency RF for wound healing, nerve regeneration, or nonthermal wave propagation applications are not discussed further in this review.
Device profile of the Proclaim XR neurostimulation system for the treatment of chronic pain: an overview of its safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Jonathan M. Hagedorn, Alyson M. Engle, Priyanka Ghosh, Timothy R. Deer
Per manufacturer instructions, diathermy therapy is prohibited, whether the system is on or off. Severe injury or death can occur if diathermy is used due to the transfer of energy through the system. For electrocautery use during surgery, monopolar devices are prohibited, and if using bipolar electrocautery, the device must be placed in surgery mode prior to the procedure and confirmation of function should take place after surgery. There is always a possibility of interaction between the neurostimulation system and implanted cardiac systems and implanted cardiac defibrillators. Therefore, it is recommended to maximize the distance between the two systems, confirm that each system is working without affecting the other and that either device is never programmed into a unipolar mode. For external cardiac defibrillators, safety has not yet been established. High-output ultrasonics, lithotripsy devices, and ultrasonic scanning devices may not be used directly over the IPG. For radiation therapy, conclusive studies have not been done, but the IPG area must be shielded with lead for any treatments. Studies in pediatric, pregnant, and nursing populations have not been done; therefore, there are currently no safety data on these patient populations [21].