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Overview of the Role of the Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems in Various Applications
Published in Amit Kumar Tyagi, Niladhuri Sreenath, Handbook of Research of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
Varsha Bhatia, Sunita Kumawat, Vivek Jaglan
The existing power grid generators are classified into three types based on the operations of generators. Base load is generators that run continuously to provide minimum load demand. The second one is peak load generators that run often to satisfy the average energy need of the consumer. The third peaking load generators operate sparingly when there is peak load demand. This traditional mechanism does not work well when renewal energy sources are added to the existing grid [63]. The new generation power system faces the challenges of integrating distributed renewal energy resources with the existing grid due to the dynamic and stochastic behavior of renewal energy generators such as solar, wind, and small hydro generating, etc. The application of CPES is found in the following broad area [64].
Future Energy and Energy Security
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
Many renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind energy cannot be used for base-load power generation as their output is much more volatile and depends on the sun, water currents or winds. Batteries and other energy storage technologies therefore become key enablers for any shift to these technologies.
Energy Today
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
If and when the above factors are managed to the full advantage of the variable power sources, and if and when energy storage becomes more efficient, wind and solar will then, and only then, become major sources of base load power in the U.S. and the world.
Nuclear Assessment to Support ARIES Power Plants and Next-Step Facilities: Emerging Challenges and Lessons Learned
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2018
The motivation for a competitive COE stems from the fact that fusion must have a cost advantage to penetrate the energy marketplace and offset the inherent technical risk of its new technology. It is predicted that fusion power production will become economically attractive in the long term with inclusion of externalities. Since the early 1970s, fusion power has evolved as attractive base-load capacity since the economics favor the high-capacity operation (>85%). It is important to consider new developments in the electricity generating business in recent decades and near future. Renewables (solar, wind, natural gas, etc.) continue to expand and become more economically attractive, negatively impacting base-load power. For immediate and deep marketplace penetration, the load-following criterion appears to be a desired attribute. Furthermore, smaller size plants [<1000 MW(electric)] could be desirable to meet future energy needs and to compete with new-generation capacity from renewables. However, it is probably too early to tell if these criteria will be a strong requirement when fusion power penetrates the energy market in 2050 or beyond.
Dynamic Modeling and Performance Analysis of a Two-Fluid Molten-Salt Breeder Reactor System
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Vikram Singh, Matthew R. Lish, Alexander M. Wheeler, Ondřej Chvála, Belle R. Upadhyaya
Nuclear reactors have traditionally offered a base-load power source. As more intermittent and weather-dependent power sources are integrated into the power distribution grid, load following with nuclear power plants may become more desirable.16 As described above, MSBR has the tendency to move toward a nominal power level whether being subjected to positive or negative reactivity perturbations. Since the nominal power-level is dependent on the difference in the inlet and outlet temperature of the salts through the core, it should in theory be possible to drive the MSBR plant using power demand alone. In this scenario, the changing power demand and the changing temperature of the salts introduce feedback effects in the core that drive the plant to a different power level. In this model, the constant terms in the boiler and reheater equations are simply fractional heat removal terms representative of the power extracted by each system separately. These terms are used as external inputs to change the heat extraction, therefore simulating changing power demand.
The Economic Benefits of Generation Revenue and Demand Payment Assessment in Pool-based Market Model: The Case of Malaysia
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2018
Zuraidah Ngadiron, Nur Hanis Radzi, Mohammad Yusri Hassan, Ramesh C. Bansal
However, both models HM 1 and HM 2 did not consider the efficiency and the electricity price offered by the generators in the base load sharing. Theoretically, the base load power plants are designated based on their efficiency, low cost generation, and safety at rated output power levels. Thus, to overcome the drawbacks, pool hybrid, which introduces the approach of base load sharing and minimum capacity payment involving the efficiency of the generators, is developed. A case study is conducted for the generators in Peninsular Malaysia to analyze and compare the proposed model performance with pure pool model, HM 1, and HM 2.