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Energy and sustainability
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
In the absence of nuclear energy, we will still need power that runs 24/7, although there is an increasing need for flexible energy that can back up renewables. The current choices are coal, nuclear, and increasingly, natural gas. Some locations can tap into hydro or geothermal. Conventional energy sources are dispatchable—under the control of the system operator when needed. Of the renewable fuels, only biofuels and hydroelectric qualify. Wind and solar are not dispatchable, as the dispatcher cannot vary their production to match demand, and as they are available only intermittently. Increasingly, battery storage will give the system operator greater control over their use. However, battery storage is not yet linked to a high percentage of renewables because of its cost, although cost is decreasing rapidly. Given present alternatives, a diminishing role for nuclear energy means that natural gas will expand its role as a bridge to the future of renewables. There will also be great pressure to keep coal in the mix. Are there ways to use coal in a way that is consistent with sustainability? We turn to that energy source next.
Community Microgrid Energy Scheduling Based on the Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm
Published in Baseem Khan, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Om Prakash Mahela, S. Rajkumar, Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids, 2022
Md Shafiullah, Md Ershadul Haque, Shorab Hossain, Md. Sanower Hossain, Md Juel Rana
In general, a CMG consists of different residential loads, DG, and ESS. Common DG units used in a CMG are the wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, hydraulic powerplants (HP), microturbine powerplants (MT), fuel cells (FC), and the energy storage systems. Often it is connected to the main grid, and it operates in bi-directional ways for power exchange. It takes electricity when required from the utility grid; however, sell electricity when the production exceeds the demand. Generally, it buys electricity at the time of low electricity prices and sells electricity at a time of high price to gain profit. It is known that renewable energy resources provide intermittent power; therefore, these sources are non-dispatchable – cannot be operated according to demands. Thus, power from renewable resources is utilized fully whenever available. A comprehensive CMG model is shown in Figure 3.1. The figure displays different DG units, consumer loads, energy storage systems, and connected utility grid by indicating their energy exchange relationships.
Fuzzy Modeling and Control Energy Storage Systems
Published in Zhixiong Zhong, Modeling, Control, Estimation, and Optimization for Microgrids, 2019
Energy storage enables large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy sources. The benefits of storage can be appreciated, because system reliability cannot be guaranteed if renewable energy sources lack adequate storage facilities [1]. A storage unit is required to maintain the power balance between power generation and demand, especially in the power electronic-based microgrids or those based on photovoltaic generators with low inertia. The microgrids can substantially benefit from the availability of energy storages, generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. For example, storage can eliminate or delay expansion of the transmission infrastructure or generation capacity. Storage can be combined with nondispatchable energy resources such as wind and solar generators to turn them into dispatchable power. On the consumers’ side, storage can be employed for peak-shaving by storing the locally generated energy until it is needed.
Identifying optimal geographic locations for hybrid concentrated solar biomass (HCSB) power plants in Alberta and Ontario, Canada
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2023
Mehran Bozorgi, Animesh Dutta, Shohel Mahmud, Syeda Humaira Tasnim
Renewable energy sources can be classified into dispatchable and non-dispatchable (variable) sources. The term “dispatchable generation” refers to electricity generation resources that can be made available on-demand by power grid operators in response to market demand. In response to an instruction, dispatchable generators can change their power output. The operators of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, such as wind power and solar PV electricity, have no control over these sources. Typically, when it comes to the energy transition, there are two primary impediments to grid-integrated renewable energy-producing technologies (Middelhoff et al. 2022); Cost of ensuring continuity of power; non-dispatchable energy resources such as wind and PV power plants have low LOCE compared to dispatchable resources such as CSP and biomass power plants (Lovegrove et al. 2018).Installing new renewable energy generators in the transmission systems; It would be difficult to justify the investment in new transmission infrastructure because renewable projects are typically installed at small to medium scales (e.g., 5–150 MWe) (Middelhoff et al. 2022). As a result, the number of locations where renewable energy facilities may be incorporated into the grid is restricted.
Probabilistic optimal siting and sizing of distributed generation and shunt capacitors considering feeder flow control units using a novel distribution power flow
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Sagrika Gupta, Avirup Maulik, Debapriya Das, Abhishek Singh
Large numbers of small-scale local generating sources (known as distributed generation) are being integrated into the power distribution network for numerous technical, financial, and environmental benefits. The small-scale local power sources may either be non-dispatchable (e.g. solar photovoltaic generation (SPG), wind power) or dispatchable (controllable sources like micro-turbines, gas turbines, diesel generators, fuel cells, biomass, etc.) (Ackermann, Göran, and Söder 2001). Climatic conditions determine the power output of a non-dispatchable source. Therefore, the power system planner and the power system operator must consider the uncertainty of a renewable source to mitigate the risk of dispatch (Mohammadi, Soodabeh, and Babak 2014; Niknam, Kavousifard, and Aghaei 2012). The power system planner and the operator must also take into consideration the uncertainty of load. The power output of a dispatchable unit is controllable according to the system’s need. The power set-point to a dispatchable source comes from an energy management system (EMS) for realising the performance goals (Maulik and Das 2017).
Dispatchable RES and flexibility in high RES penetration scenarios: solutions for further deployment
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2021
Pablo del Rio, Alexandra Papadopoulou, Nicolas Calvet
With high shares of renewable energy, electricity system flexibility gains importance. The in-feed of variable RES-electricity (RES-e) can be balanced by energy storage and dispatchable electricity generation technologies, significantly increasing the market value of RETs combinations. Such currently available RETs include (among others) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) with thermal energy storage (TES), solar photovoltaic (PV) with storage (electrochemical storage or electrical thermal energy storage (ETES)), hydropower, hybrid power systems, and biomass. All these technologies can provide dispatchable power, as they have some kind of energy storage, e.g. dam, battery or thermal storage. However, dispatchable RES-e face significant challenges in high RES penetration scenarios, which originate from the fact that the increased electricity system services offered (e.g. intraday, balancing, ancillary services, etc.) are not fully taken into account in their revenue streams.