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Geological Origin as the Basis for the Systematics of Deposits
Published in Artur Dyczko, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Gabriela Woźniak, Green Scenarios: Mining Industry Responses to Environmental Challenges of the Anthropocene Epoch, 2022
Carbonatite deposits are formed by carbonate rocks (called carbonatites) with coexisting ultrabasic alkaline rocks. Carbonatites are usually younger in age than ultra-alkaline and alkaline rocks. They are often found in the craters of volcanic cones. Mineralogically, they consist of carbonates (80–90%), and accessory minerals such as sulphates, phosphates, silicates, oxides and sulphides occur sporadically (Gruszczyk 1984; Mungall 2005; 2014).
Recovery of Resources from REE Mine Tailing and Waste, REE Fertilizer Application and Environmental Effects
Published in Hossain Md Anawar, Vladimir Strezov, Abhilash, Sustainable and Economic Waste Management, 2019
Waste rock is a subeconomic ore material consisting of non-mineralized and low-grade mineralized rock (U.S. EPA, 2003), removed from around or within specific regions of the ore body, and contains low concentrations of the target metal. Depending on commodity prices, advancement of technology and other factors, these waste materials may become ore at another stage. The waste rock storage piles cover a large area, typically acres of land similar to ore/subeconomic ore stockpiles. Carbonatite igneous rocks, that are important REE ores, contain greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals (U.S. EPA, 2012). Therefore, waste rock from these deposits could generate neutral mine drainage (NMD) with a pH range of 6 to 10 (INAP, 2010). The uranium and vanadium that are constituents of some REE ores, could be mobile under NMD conditions, while other metals are lacking. Hazardous materials with high risk should be managed by special engineering designs, waste handling and disposal procedures, or a closure and reclamation plan.
An Overview of the Recent Status of Critical and Strategic Metal Production and Development in India
Published in Abhilash, Ata Akcil, Critical and Rare Earth Elements, 2019
B.D. Pandey, Abhilash, Pratima Meshram
Although rare earth metals are relatively abundant on earth’s crust, discovered minable concentrations are less than those of most other metal ores. The principal sources of rare earth metals include bastnaesite (a fluorocarbonate present as carbonatites and related igneous rocks), xenotime (yttrium phosphate commonly found in mineral sand deposits), and loparite which occurs in alkaline igneous rocks and monazite (a phosphate). Bastnaesite deposits in the United States and China account for the largest concentrations of rare earth metals, whereas monazite deposits in Australia, South Africa, China, Brazil, Malaysia, and India account for the second largest concentrations of rare earth metals. Bastnaesite occurs as a primary mineral, whereas monazite is found in primary deposits of other ores and typically recovered as a by-product. Over 90% of the world’s economically recoverable rare earth metals are found in primary mineral deposits (i.e., in bastnaesite ores).
Trace Elements Adsorption from Solutions and Acid Mine Drainage Using Agricultural By-products
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Rogelio Carrillo-González, Bogar G. Gatica García, Ma. Del Carmen A. González-Chávez, Fernando A. Solís Domínguez
Scarce information about TE adsorption from AMD is available. Zang (2012) evaluated Pb, Cu, and Zn removal from synthetic mine leachate, they found the following adsorption capacities: 0.46, 0.428, and 0.237 mmol, respectively. Utgikar et al. (2000) observed up to 30% of Zn and Cu adsorption on activated sludge. In contrast, Ramirez-Paredes et al. (2011) detected very low efficiency for Mn, Zn, and Al adsorption on brewer’s yeast wastes from AMD. Apparently, biosorption may not be efficient. Therefore, experiments with AMD are needed to gain information from real conditions. On the other hand, TE adsorption has been studied on natural minerals such as zeolite (Mosti, Rowson, and Simmons 2009) and calcite (Aziz, Adlan, and Ariffi 2007), oxides, clays, and industrial wastes (Burakov et al. 2018; Malamis and Katsou 2013); with variable results, but no tests have been performed with carbonatite. Carbonatite (C) is an igneous rock, has an alkaline reaction, and contains more than 50% modal primary carbonates, which commonly coexist with alkaline silicates (Simandl and Paradis 2018). Frequently, adsorption on these materials depends on the ability to neutralize the acidity and their reaction surface. Carbonatite may adsorb TE due to the carbonate and phosphate contents.
Abstracts from the 2017–2018 Mineral Deposits Studies Group meeting
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2018
L. Santoro, St. Tshipeng Yav, E. Pirard, A. Kaniki, G. Arfè, N. Mondillo, M. Boni, M. Joachimski, G. Balassone, A. Mormone, A. Cauceglia, N. Mondillo, G. Balassone, M. Boni, W. Robb, T. L. Smith, David Currie, Finlay Stuart, John Faithfull, Adrian Boyce, N. Mondillo, C. Chelle-Michou, M. Boni, S. Cretella, G. Scognamiglio, M. Tarallo, G. Arfè, F. Putzolu, M. Boni, N. Mondillo, F. Pirajno, N. Mondillo, C. Chelle-Michou, M. Boni, S. Cretella, G. Scognamiglio, M. Tarallo, G. Arfè, Saltanat Aitbaeva, Marina Mizernaya, Boris Dyachkov, Andrew J Martin, Iain McDonald, Christopher J MacLeod, Katie McFall, Hazel M Prichard, Gawen R T Jenkin, B. Kennedy, I. McDonald, D. Tanner, L. Longridge, A. M. Borst, A. A. Finch, H. Friis, N. J. Horsburgh, P. N. Gamaletsos, J. Goettlicher, R. Steininger, K. Geraki, Jonathan Cloutier, Stephen J. Piercey, Connor Allen, Craig Storey, James Darling, Stephanie Lasalle, A. Dobrzanski, L. Kirstein, R. Walcott, I. Butler, B. Ngwenya, Andrew Dobrzanski, Simon Howard, Lore Troalen, Peter Davidson, Rachel Walcott, Drew Drummond, Jonathan Cloutier, Drew Drummond, Adrian Boyce, Robert Blakeman, John Ashton, Eva Marquis, Kathryn Goodenough, Guillaume Estrade, Martin Smith, E. Zygouri, S. P. Kilias, T. Zack, I. Pitcairn, E. Chi Fru, P. Nomikou, A. Argyraki, M. Ivarsson, Adrian A. Finch, Anouk M. Borst, William Hutchison, Nicola J. Horsburgh, Tom Andersen, Siri Simonsen, Hamidullah Waizy, Norman Moles, Martin Smith, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, Aileen L. Doran, Paul Dennis, Brett Davidheiser-Kroll, Alina Marca, Jamie Wilkinson, Adrian Boyce, John Güven, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, Aileen L. Doran, Stephen J. Piercey, Mark R. Cooper, J. Stephen Daly, Oakley Turner, Brian McConnell, Hannah S. R. Hughes, Hannah S. R. Hughes, Magdalena M. Matusiak-Małek, Iain McDonald, Ben Williamson, James Williams, Guy Dishaw, Harri Rees, Roger Key, Simon Bate, Andy Moore, Katie McFall, Iain McDonald, Dominque Tanner, Manuel Keith, Karsten M. Haase, Daniel J. Smith, Reiner Klemd, Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Wolfgang Bach, Sam J Walding, Gawen RT Jenkin, Daniel James, David Clark, Lisa Hart-Madigan, Robin Armstrong, Jamie Wilkinson, Gawen RT Jenkin, Hugh Graham, Daniel J Smith, Andrew P Abbott, David A Holwell, Eva Zygouri, Robert C Harris, Christopher J Stanley, Hannah L.J. Grant, Mark D. Hannington, Sven Petersen, Matthias Frische, Fei Zhang, Ben J. Williamson, Hannah Hughes, Joshua Smiles, Manuel Keith, Daniel J. Smith, Chetan Nathwani, Robert Sievwright, Jamie Wilkinson, Matthew Loader, Daryl E. Blanks, David A. Holwell, W.D. Smith, J.R. Darling, D.S. Bullen, R.C. Scrivener, Aileen L. Doran, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, John Güven, Adrian J. Boyce, Oakley Turner, Sam Broom-Fendley, Aoife E Brady, Karen Hudson-Edwards, Oakley Turner, Steve Hollis, Sean McClenaghan, Aileen Doran, John Güven, Emily K. Fallon, Richard Brooker, Thomas Scott
Seven styles of magmatic sulphide mineralisation have been identified texturally and mineralogical by field-mapping, petrological and geochemical analysis. Mineralogy across all styles comprise pyrrhotite >> pentlandite > chalcopyrite > pyrite +/- magnetite, however, mineral abundance, geochemistry and textural association differ between the styles. The earliest styles are disseminated, interstitial sulphides hosted within the mafic and ultramafic clasts of the MUBU, and represent sulphide crystallisation prior to brecciation and associated massive sulphide infill. This is followed by main stage sulphide fill, forming as the matrix to MUBU clasts, and include; massive pyrrhotite-pentlandite sulphide; semi-massive sulphide associated with phosphate and carbonate; pyritic sulphide; carbonate hosted sulphide; and altered talc-carbonate sulphide mineralisation. The different styles within the sulphide breccia fill likely represents separate phases and timing of sulphide liquid injections. Some of the sulphide styles show distinct textures of immiscible carbonate and apatite, and include interstitial calcite and droplets of apatite within sulphide. These textures and mineralogical associations suggest the interaction of immiscible carbonate melts, potentially sourced from a carbonatite.
Health risk assessment and prevalence of fluoride in groundwater around the geological diversity of Ambadongar South Gujarat, India
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
K. D. Shirke, Ajaykumar Kadam, N. J. Pawar
Carbonatites are igneous rocks that contain more than 50% of carbonate minerals. The carbonatites are strongly enriched in a variety of trace elements and they host one of the world’s largest deposits of fluorite (Heinrich 1966; Le Bas 1981; Palmer and William-Jones 1996). The Carbonatites consist of accessory minerals in order of abundance-martite, apatite, pyrochlore, fluorite, phlogopite, barite and galena (Viladkar 1981; Srivastava and Karkare 1989). The minor quantities of barite, hematite and galena are also present as inclusion in both quartz and fluorite (Deans and Powell 1968). Ambadongar carbonatite ring dyke complex is known for hosting largest fluorite deposits of the world and is being mined since 1964. Economic deposit of fluorite is likely to contribute F− to environment causing adverse effects. The F− mined in the area gives rise to by-products and wastes which also contains high concentration of F−. The work related to F− content, its occurrence and toxicity in groundwater has been carried out worldwide (Table 1). The review of literature (Table 1) shows the enriched concentration of F− and Health risk associated with it in southern part of India, and neighboring countries like China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh also facing similar problem. Similarly, the developing and developed country such as Argentina, Korea, Turkey and Brazil show similar F− occurrence and health risk assessments study. However, the work related to the prevalence to F− in the groundwater and its sources and effect on health has not been attempted in Ambadongar area.