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Introductory Concepts
Published in Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson, Ballistics, 2018
Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson
Terminal ballistics covers all aspects of events that occur when the projectile reaches the target. This means penetration mechanics, behind armor effects, fragment spray patterns and associated lethality, blast overpressure, nonlethal effects, and effects on living tissue. This last topic is becoming more and more important because of the great interest in less-than-lethal armaments, and indeed, it has been categorized into its own discipline known as wound ballistics.
Unsteady One-Dimensional Flow
Published in George Emanuel, Analytical Fluid Dynamics, 2017
Ballistics can be subdivided into internal, intermediate, external, and terminal regimes. For internal ballistics, the bullet or projectile is inside the gun barrel. In the intermediate regime (Merlen and Dyment, 1991; Jiang et al., 1998), the projectile is near the muzzle and the gas dynamics of the fow feld caused by the gas discharge from the barrel are of primary interest. External ballistics deals with the projectile in free fight, while terminal ballistics involves the interaction with a target. A gas dynamically oriented introduction to internal ballistics is provided in this section. Other resentations, which include additional references, can be found in the book by Farrar and Leeming (1983) and in the articles by Krier and Adams (1979) and by Freedman (1988). Our objective is to illustrate how unsteady waves can be utilized to understand the dynamics involved in internal ballistics. To avoid undue length and complexity, a number of assumptions and approximations are introduced. Suffcient physical content, however, is retained in order that the presentation should still be representative of the actual situation.
Effect of bio-inspired surface pattern (Pangolin’s scales) and grooved mechanisms on the high velocity ballistic performance of aluminum 6061-T6 targets
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
S. Suresh Kumar, Pranaav Sankar, Rakesh Kumar J., Vignesh Kumar S.
During warfare, it is most important to protect the crucial regions such as engine room, turret and ammunition room of the army vehicle against terminal ballistics which deals about the study of understanding the effect of high velocity projectile impact on target. Since, toughness of the target plays an important role on ballistic performance, several researchers [4–7] have tried to enhance the toughness of the light weight targets by replacing the uniform plate into layered and laminated plates. Babaei et al. [4] studied the deformation behavior of double layered targets (aluminum and steel) for various combinations (aluminum-aluminum, aluminum-steel, steel-steel and steel-aluminum) of layers. Double layered targets showed improved ballistic resistance compared to monolithic target. Similarly Rahman et al. [5, 6] investigated the effect of layering on ballistic performance of laminated metal targets consist of high strength steel (HSS) and aluminum (Al-7075 T6). Armor piercing projectile of 7.62 mm diameter was used for the high velocity (900 to 950 m/s) ballistic experiments. A triple layered configuration having aluminum as the rear layer showed better ballistic performance and weight reduction compared to other cases. Majzoobi et al. [7] tried to improve the toughness of the aluminum-6063 targets by preparing it by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) method. Improved ballistic performance was observed for targets after crossed five passes of extrusion. The reported results are limited to straight target when under static condition.
Influence of target dynamics and number of impacts on ballistic performance of 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy targets
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Suresh Kumar Sundaram, Bharath A. G., Aravind B.
In general, the phenomenon “ballistics” deals with projectile impact and its effect on a target. Protection of military vehicles and soldiers against external high velocity projectile impact is one of the fundamental requirements as ballistic impact can cause penetration of the target by the projectile. High velocity impact caused by the projectile is generally considered as low mass and high velocity. The penetration of the projectile into the target causes several failure mechanisms such as, brittle fracture, ductile hole growth, and petaling etc., (Figure 1). Since “Terminal Ballistics” deals with the effect of projectile on its target, protection against external high velocity projectiles is one of the important requirements for the structural elements used in regions such as engine room, turret and ammunition room of the Defense vehicle. The penetration of tank armor by armor-piercing projectile is an important concern of terminal ballistics. The major cause of tank failure is due to impact loading caused by the projectile which penetrates through the tank sheet and causes tearing and thus it becomes mandatory to enhance the ballistic resistance of the targets against projectile impact.