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Ammunition Design Practice
Published in Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson, Ballistics, 2018
Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson
Projectiles may be classified into two general types: cargo carriers and pure kinetic energy deliverers. The cargo carriers include shells that deliver high explosives (HE), submunitions and mines, pyrotechnics, smart munitions, and other specialized lethal systems, e.g., shaped charges (high-explosive anti-tank [HEAT]) and explosively formed penetrator (EFP) shells. The kinetic energy delivery systems, used chiefly for the attack of armor, are monobloc steel shot (armor piercing), saboted, long-rod, heavy metal penetrators (armor-piercing, fin-stabilized, discarding sabot [APFSDS]), and older types of spin-stabilized, saboted (armor-penetrating, discarding sabot [APDS]) projectiles.
Ground effects on the hypervelocity jet flow and the stability of projectile
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2018
Zijie Li, Hao Wang, Jianwei Chen
Figure 13(a) indicates that the ground effects slightly influence the propagation direction of the projectile. When the projectile moves in the air, it is mainly affected by air resistance, in addition to gravity. According to the different causes, the air resistance can be divided into three sections: friction resistance, eddy current resistance, and shock resistance. Friction resistance is caused by the interaction between the air molecules and the surface of the projectile. The pressure difference between the front and the rear of the projectile causes the eddy current resistance. When the projectile moves at a supersonic velocity, the front and the rear of the projectile will create a shock wave, which will generate the shock resistance. It can be seen that the drag force is mainly determined by the direction of the projectile, so the ground just has a slight influence on the drag force of the projectile.