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Basics of Missile Guidance
Published in Rafael T. Yanushevsky, Modern Missile Guidance, 2019
Guided missile systems have similar tactical duties as the conventional weapons (guns, rockets, and bombs). However, in conventional weapon systems information concerning the target is gathered by observation. After it is evaluated, the weapon is aimed, and the projectile is fired. From the time the bullet or rocket is aimed or the bomb is dropped, the trajectory is strictly dependent upon gravity, wind and the ballistics of the projectile. The time from launching of the projectile till the hit at the target is called the time of flight. In contrast to the bullet, rocket or bomb, the missile in flight is constantly reaimed based on the target information obtained by sensors. The target is tracked to gain intelligence as to its current position, as well as its future behavior. Advanced guidance systems operate with data estimating also the target acceleration and the predicted intercept point.
Introductory Concepts
Published in Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson, Ballistics, 2018
Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson
The field of ballistics can be broadly classified into three major disciplines: interior ballistics, exterior ballistics, and terminal ballistics. In some instances, a fourth category named intermediate ballistics has been used.
Unsteady One-Dimensional Flow
Published in George Emanuel, Analytical Fluid Dynamics, 2017
Ballistics can be subdivided into internal, intermediate, external, and terminal regimes. For internal ballistics, the bullet or projectile is inside the gun barrel. In the intermediate regime (Merlen and Dyment, 1991; Jiang et al., 1998), the projectile is near the muzzle and the gas dynamics of the fow feld caused by the gas discharge from the barrel are of primary interest. External ballistics deals with the projectile in free fight, while terminal ballistics involves the interaction with a target. A gas dynamically oriented introduction to internal ballistics is provided in this section. Other resentations, which include additional references, can be found in the book by Farrar and Leeming (1983) and in the articles by Krier and Adams (1979) and by Freedman (1988). Our objective is to illustrate how unsteady waves can be utilized to understand the dynamics involved in internal ballistics. To avoid undue length and complexity, a number of assumptions and approximations are introduced. Suffcient physical content, however, is retained in order that the presentation should still be representative of the actual situation.
Influence of target dynamics and number of impacts on ballistic performance of 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy targets
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Suresh Kumar Sundaram, Bharath A. G., Aravind B.
In general, the phenomenon “ballistics” deals with projectile impact and its effect on a target. Protection of military vehicles and soldiers against external high velocity projectile impact is one of the fundamental requirements as ballistic impact can cause penetration of the target by the projectile. High velocity impact caused by the projectile is generally considered as low mass and high velocity. The penetration of the projectile into the target causes several failure mechanisms such as, brittle fracture, ductile hole growth, and petaling etc., (Figure 1). Since “Terminal Ballistics” deals with the effect of projectile on its target, protection against external high velocity projectiles is one of the important requirements for the structural elements used in regions such as engine room, turret and ammunition room of the Defense vehicle. The penetration of tank armor by armor-piercing projectile is an important concern of terminal ballistics. The major cause of tank failure is due to impact loading caused by the projectile which penetrates through the tank sheet and causes tearing and thus it becomes mandatory to enhance the ballistic resistance of the targets against projectile impact.
Interval uncertain optimization for interior ballistics based on Chebyshev surrogate model and affine arithmetic
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2021
Fengjie Xu, Guolai Yang, Liqun Wang, Quanzhao Sun
Interior ballistics is a discipline that studies the movement laws of a projectile in an artillery chamber and the accompanying shooting phenomenon. The main performance index is important and will directly affect the shooting performance of the artillery system. The propellant, barrel and projectile together constitute the interior ballistic system. In practice, there are many uncertainties caused by material characteristics, manufacturing errors and assembly errors. Traditional interior ballistic optimization design does not consider the uncertainty of parameters. However, although this uncertainty is small in numerical value, its coupling effect may have a great influence on the interior ballistic performance. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out interior ballistic optimization design considering the parameter uncertainty.
From tissue paper screens to radar screens: some episodes in the development of ballistic testing methods
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2021
There are two components of ballistic studies: interior ballistics, which considers the behaviour of the explosives within the barrel of the gun; and exterior ballistics, which considers the behaviour of the projectile as it moves through the air. This paper will be looking only at the latter. For a long time it was believed that a projectile travelled in a straight line, following the direction of the elevation of the weapon, until it reached a zenith, then gravity suddenly took effect and the object fell more or less vertically down to earth. In 1675 Francois Blondel published his bluntly-titled book ‘L’Art de jetter les bombes’ (The art of throwing bombs),7 which critically examined the various false theories put forward up to that point. He also described the design and use of the numerous instruments, mainly variations on the quadrant and protractor to measure angles, which were offered to field artillery officers to assist with setting up cannons to achieve a desired range.