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Effect of bio-oil on low-intermediate temperature properties of organosolv lignin-bitumen
Published in Xianhua Chen, Jun Yang, Markus Oeser, Haopeng Wang, Functional Pavements, 2020
Y. Zhang, X. Liu, S. Ren, R. Jing, W. Gard, P. Apostolidis, S. Erkens, A. Skarpas
The virgin binder which was used in this research was a 70/100 pen grade bitumen of 47.5°C softening point. The pure lignin was a kind of nutbrown powder provided by the Chemical Point UG (Germany). Lignin particles with purity over 87% are extracted by organosolv methods. Helium Pycnometer Test was used to accurately measure the density of lignin was 1.3774 g/cm³. The surface measuring system (Dynamic Vapor Sorption) was used to calculate the specific surface area of lignin by Braunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was 147.0593 m²/g. The physical parameters of lignin were tested after aging as well. The apparent color of lignin particles became darker, the density was increased to 1.5029 g/cm³ and the specific surface area was decreased to 65.0475 m²/g (Zhang et al., 2020). Lignin particles became more compact with a smaller specific surface area after aging. The bio-oil used in this study was one of the most common rapeseed oil with saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Vegetable oil is obtained from seed oil plants such as palm, sunflower, and soy. The predominant source of vegetable oils in many countries is rapeseed oil. Vegetable oils are a major feedstock for the oleo-chemicals industry (surfactants, dispersants, and personal care products) and are now successfully entering new markets such as diesel fuel, lubricants, polyurethane monomers, functional polymer additives, and solvents.
A Green Approach to Tribology
Published in Girma Biresaw, K.L. Mittal, Surfactants in Tribology, 2019
Nadia G. Kandile, David R.K. Harding
In this study, chemically modified rapeseed oil (CMRO) was used as the base oil. Rapeseed oil was modified via an epoxidation, hydroxylation, and esterification processes in order to improve its thermo-oxidative stability and cold flow behavior. The detailed procedure for chemical modification process is reported from the study of Baskara et al. [137]. The various nanoparticles CuO, WS2, and TiO2 of 0.5 wt% were dispersed in CMRO with sizes of approximately CuO, 40–70 nm, WS2 40–80 nm, and TiO2 30–50 nm, respectively, using an ultrasonic sonicator. They used a four-ball tribometer that consisted of a fixed three-ball pot with the fourth ball rotating on a vertical shaft. Colors, morphologies, and bulk densities were recorded [137]. In addition, SAE20W40 mixtures with CMRO + the three metal oxides are tabled. The properties of these mixtures such as viscosity at 100°C, pour point °C, flash point, viscosity index, specific gravity at 15°C and wear scar index (mm) are comprehensively recorded [137].
A techno-economic analysis based upon a parametric study of alkali-catalysed biodiesel production from feedstocks with high free fatty acid and water contents
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Luma Shihab Al-Saadi, Valentine C. Eze, Adam P. Harvey
Rapeseed oil was selected because of its prevalence in Europe, including the UK. European Union states account for approximately 40% of the worldwide rapeseed oil production [44]. Apart from its abundance in the UK, physiochemical properties of rapeseed oil are responsible for its huge applications in biodiesel productions. A total of 48% of the worldwide biodiesel supply comes from rapeseed oil [45], due to the superior excellent fuel properties of rapeseed oil biodiesel [46–49]. Rapeseed oil contains high levels of oleic acid (52 − 65%) which has been identified to be a relatively suitable fatty acid for enrichment in fatty acid profile [49]. This was due to the improved biodiesel fuel properties of methyl oleate compared to other fatty acid methyl esters [50]. Also, biodiesel produced from rapeseed oil have low cloud and cold filter plugging points [49], evidencing good flow property of the rapeseed oil biodiesel.
Absorption of fuel containing esters on iron surface based on molecular simulation and its effects on lubricity
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Deqing Mei, Shengchao Dai, Tiaotiao Chen, Hengquan Wang, Yinnan Yuan
At present, the main anti-wear agents for diesel were carboxylic acids (Hu, Zhang, and Li 2017), amides, alcohols, ether (Agarwal, Chhibber, and Bhatnagar 2013) and esters (Hu et al. 2016). Biodiesel and fossil diesel are similar in nature and can be soluble with each other (Tamilselvan, Nallusamy, and Rajkumar 2017). Besides, biodiesel has higher viscosity and better lubricating property than fossil diesel (Bekal and Bhat 2012). Consequently, it can be used as a diesel lubricating promoter. Issariyakul, Dalai, and Desai (2011) found that the lubrication performance of rapeseed oil biodiesel and soybean oil biodiesel was far better than that of mustard oil biodiesel. Drown, Harper, and Frame (2001) proposed that castor oil biodiesel exhibited better lubrication property than the grease with the same carbon chain length. Hazrat, Rasul, and Khan (2015) added several kinds of fatty acid ester compounds into ultra-low sulfur diesel and their results manifested that when the dosage of fatty acid esters reached 20%, the wear phenomenon and the friction coefficient were reduced effectively. Knothe and Steidley (2005) tested the lubricating property of biodiesel by high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) and found that the oxygen moieties in the biodiesel have the lubricity ability in the order of COOH > CHO > OH > COOCH3 > C=O > C-O-C. Therefore, the performance of biodiesel as a lubricating additive for low-sulfur diesel is determined by its ester composition and fraction.
Nonedible vegetable oil-based cutting fluids for machining processes – a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2020
Rahul Katna, M. Suhaib, Narayan Agrawal
Klocke et al.[193] used rapeseed oil-based synthetic ester in machining austenitic stainless steel. They also used a pin on disc tribometer for finding the lubricating properties of cutting fluids. The comparison tests between the developed bio-lubricant and synthetically refined esters showed that the biodegradable lubricant has a high potential for utilization as a lubricant in machining. The combined effect of polar surface energy and stability at high load leads to a steady film which helps in reducing wear. Stefanescu et al.[194] e xamined the lubricity of rapeseed oil. The results show that Rapeseed oil performed superior to mineral oil in terms of reducing frictional wear during the tribological test done on four-ball tribomachine. Based on tribological tests the authors reported that rapeseed oil exhibits less coefficient of friction and this property is essential for an oil to be used in industrial application. Figure 9 shows a comparison of the result of milling tests done with nonedible oils.[177]