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Noise Pollution
Published in Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John, Environmental Engineering, 2022
Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John
Sound is the sensation of acoustic waves that develop pressure fluctuations in a medium. Pure sound is described by pressure waves travelling through a medium. These pressure waves are described by their amplitude and their frequency. With reference to Figure 37.1, a pure sound wave can be described as a sinusoidal curve, having positive and negative pressures within one cycle. The number of these cycles per unit time is called the sound frequency, often expressed as cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). A sound wave with a frequency of 1000 Hz, for example, is one in which the pressure wave will pass a given point 1000 times, or 1000 c/s. Typical sounds that healthy human ears hear range from about 15 Hz to about 20000 Hz. Low-frequency sound is deep (low-pitched), while high-frequency sound is high-pitched. For example, middle A on a piano is at a frequency of 440 Hz. Speech is usually in the range of 1000 to 4000 Hz.
Audio in Multimedia
Published in Sreeparna Banerjee, Elements of Multimedia, 2019
Audio is essentially a sound wave; thus, it has normal wave properties like reflection, refraction, and diffraction. A sound wave is characterized by the following physical properties, which will be described in more detail below [1–6]: Amplitude (loudness/intensity): Sound waves can be represented graphically in two dimensions, with time along the independent (x) axis and amplitude along the dependent (y) axis. Sound waves are periodic compressions alternated with rarefactions propagated in time. The square of the amplitude is the intensity. This gives a measure, known as bel, of the loudness of sound in an appropriate dimension.Frequency (pitch): Frequency gives a measure of the rapidity at which the periodic variations of compression and rarefaction occur and is a measure of the pitch of the sound. A high pitch corresponds to high-frequency sound, and vice versa.Envelope (waveform): The evolution of the sound until it dies down generates a form or envelope.
Speech
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
The period of the quasiperiodicity in the voiced segment is referred to as the pitch period in the time domain or the pitch or fundamental frequency in the frequency domain. The pitch of the voiced segments is an important parameter in many speech coding algorithms. It can be identified as the periodicity of the peak amplitudes in the time waveform and the fine structure of the spectrum. The pitch frequency of men and women usually lies in the range 50-250 Hz (4-20 ms), and 120-500 Hz (2-8.3 ms), respectively.
On Determination of Tonic Note for Singers of Indian Music
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2019
Chandrakant J. Gaikwad, Pradip Sircar
Generally, musical sounds can be described by using pitch, intensity (loudness), duration, and timbre. The first three quantities have their physical correlates. That is, pitch is measured in terms of fundamental frequency, loudness is related to the intensity, and duration corresponds to the lifetime of a musical note. Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a note. When voice or instruments produce sound it produces a spectrum consisting of many overtones along with fundamental frequency. This is referred to as color of the tone or timbre. This constitutes the quality of the underlying sound [1,14,18].
Frequencies Wave Sound Particle Swarm Optimisation (FPSO)
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Ahmad K. Al Hwaitat, Rizik M. H. Al-Sayyed, Imad K. M. Salah, Saher Manaseer, Hamed S. Al-Bdour, Sarah E. Shukri
Frequency can be defined as a measurement in cycles per second. Wavelength is the measure of distance from one wave crest to the next wave crest, see Figure 3. When considering sound waves, amplitude is related to loudness of the sound and frequency to pitch. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. The speed of the sound can be related to eq. (3),
Making time perception shorter with pitch and interval patterns
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2023
Wanchanok Sunthorn, Cedric Le Mercier, Chaklam Silpasuwanchai
Pitch refers to the frequency of vibration of the sound waves that produce sound (Moore 2012; Dawson et al. 2017). A high frequency sound is perceived as a high pitch, while a low frequency sound is perceived as a low pitch. Since the volume of a sound influences how a person perceives an experience in general, researchers have investigated whether or not pitch influences time perception.