China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Sound field, spatial hearing, and sound reproduction
Published in Bosun Xie, Spatial Sound, 2023
The human peripheral auditory system consists of three main parts: the external, middle, and inner ears. The external ear is composed of the pinna and ear canal. The shape and dimension of the pinna vary depending on each individual. The pinnae play an important role in the localization of high-frequency sounds. The middle ear acts as an impedance transformer. Consequently, incoming sound can be effectively coupled into the inner ear. The inner ear (cochlea) acts as a frequency analyzer and converts mechanical oscillation into neural pulses or activities. The frequency analysis of the auditory system can be modeled using a bank of overlapping auditory filters, whose bandwidth can be approximated with the critical bandwidth or an ERB. Correspondingly, two new frequency metrics, i.e., Bark and ERB number, are introduced. The psychoacoustic phenomena of subjective loudness and masking are closely related to auditory filters.
Hearing
Published in Anne McLaughlin, Richard Pak, Designing Displays for Older Adults, 2020
Accessibility aids for those who have experienced hearing loss can come from many sources. Hearing aids, for example, boost the signal to the auditory system. Others work around hearing by providing other avenues of interaction, such as visual phone systems. Each type of aid is defined and then discussed in terms of its interaction with display design.
An emergent deep developmental model for auditory learning
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Dongshu Wang, Yadong Zhang, Jianbin Xin
Initial exploration of the internal structure of human ear dates back to 1543, when the world-famous medical scientist, Vesaliua, published the epoch-making work 'On the Fabric of the Human Body' in Switzerland, and he introduced the anatomical structure of ear for the first time (Barr, 2015). Now, we know that the human auditory system consists of the peripheral auditory system (outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear) and the central auditory system (from the cochlear up to the auditory cortex). The stimulus is transformed by cochlea located in the inner ear into a neural signal. The speech information then is transmitted into the auditory nerve centre, and ultimately understood in the cerebral cortex (Friederici, 2011). In general, this functional architecture provides a basis for scientists in various disciplines to explore the principles of human auditory cognition, and more scholars began to study the human auditory system based on this principle. For example, Mcintosh and Gonzalez-Lima (1991) first applied the structural modelling method to neuroscience, and an auditory system model was constructed based on the anatomical connections between the auditory central system structures.