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An experimental study of rubber cutting process
Published in Per-Erik Austrell, Leif Kari, Constitutive Models for Rubber IV, 2017
Based on previous end-milling and orthogonal cutting tests, it has been shown that a stable fixture is necessary for producing a smooth surface finish for machined rubber. A mandrel was designed with a tapered region as shown in Figure 2. The rubber work-piece can be stretched from its original inner diameter of 72 mm to a final diameter of 77 mm, which is a little larger than that of the unstretched workpiece, by sliding it over the tapered portion of the mandrel. Slightly stretched workpiece provides contact force between the workpiece and the mandrel. The contact force can be increased further by applying a vacuum through the series of small holes. This vacuum-assist feature is especially effective for securing the rubber workpiece to the mandrel since rubber is often used as a sealing material in many practical applications. The vacuum applied to the inner chamber of the mandrel is well maintained during the cutting process by closing a valve in the end cap of the mandrel. A pipe clamp is also used to secure the rubber workpiece to the mandrel and prevent axial sliding of the workpiece. In addition, the rubber stiffness can be further increased by cooling the workpiece in solid carbon dioxide before conducting cutting tests.
Water Hydraulics
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
The disadvantages include: Minimum concentration and size of solids or bubbles for reliable operation (see Figure 6.27)Minimum speed to maintain suspensionLimited to sonically conductive pipe (clamp-on type)
Clamps and Pipe Joints
Published in Harold Josephs, Ronald L. Huston, Blake’s Design of Mechanical Joints, 2018
Harold Josephs, Ronald L. Huston
Figure 7.14 illustrates another type of a standard industrial clamp used as a one-way restraint for piping. Experience shows here that load capacity of this pipe clamp can be related to a convenient dimensional parameter such as BH2/D. For the type of standard industrial clamp shown in Figure 7.14, the highest clamp stress occurs at about 20 degrees measured from the plane of split, as calculated by Bilgin and Chow [6].
Introducing a nitrogen conditioning to separate oxidative from non-oxidative ageing effects of hot mix asphalt
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2020
Daniel Steiner, Bernhard Hofko, Ronald Blab
To overcome these downsides of setup I, an alternative approach was developed to carry out ageing on specimens from binder II, which is shown in Figure 3. A pipe clamp (DN = 100 mm) was used to seal the specimens on the lateral surface. HMA specimens are also assembled in a row between filter stones and two endplates. The pipe clamp can be perfectly fitted to the specimen dimensions. This equipment is more durable for conditioning or ageing tests with a forced gas flow at temperatures far higher than +100°C. In this stage, the specimens were continuously flown through with nitrogen for an ageing duration of 3 days. In general, conditioning under nitrogen atmosphere is supposed to prevent any oxidative ageing and thus, only trigger non-oxidative effects.