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Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) using Biosurfactants
Published in R.Z. Sayyed, Microbial Surfactants, 2022
Veeranna Channashettar, Shaili Srivastava, Banwari Lal, Anoop Singh, Dheeraj Rathore
Various wastes like petroleum oily sludge from effluent treatment plants and storage tanks, drilling fluids and petroleum wastewater are generated during exploration, drilling and oil refining activities. Ling and Isa (2006) estimated that about 50 tons of oily sludge is produced every year from a petroleum refinery having a production capability of 105,000 drums per day. Oily sludge is a mixture of hydrocarbons (asphaltenes, paraffin, and more) and inorganic solids such as, sand, iron sulfides and iron oxides, wherein the hydrocarbon is the major component, which forms due to changes in external conditions (Johnson and Affam 2019). Generally, the formation of petroleum sludge is occurs by cooling below the cloud point, evaporation, mixing with inappropriate materials and emulsification with water. Environmental Protection Act 1986 and Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) have regarded sludge as a hazardous waste. Asia et al. (2006) has reported that oily sludge contains different elements such as calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, Phosphorous, potassium, iron, copper, cadmium, chromium, zinc, sodium and lead. In addition, oil transportation by road, sea and pipelines are the main means of environmental (mainly land and water) pollution due to oil spills, transport accidents, storage tank rupture, ship breakage, leakage of oil pipelines, wars, earthquakes and floods.
Biotechnology Applications in Oil Recovery
Published in Ozcan Konur, Petrodiesel Fuels, 2021
These microorganisms are attractive in that they are used not only in oil production but also in other areas. Oily sludge, which occurs after the drilling operation, has the risk of contaminating soil, air, and groundwater (Yan et al., 2012). These bacteria break down the oily substances in contaminated areas and alleviate environmental problems. Among various ways to remove these toxic substances, the use of suitable microorganisms is the most environmentally friendly method (Yan et al., 2012). Using the rhamnolipid is one successful bioremediation technique.
Field-Scale Remediation of Crude Oil–Contaminated Desert Soil Using Various Treatment Technologies
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
Subhasis Das, Veeranna A. Channashettar, Nanthakumar Kuppanan, Banwari Lal
The oily sludge wastes generated from any petroleum industry during crude oil exploration, transportation from oil production, storage, and refinery process are a worldwide problem of concern. The ever-increasing demand for petroleum products generates huge wastes, which are accumulated in the natural environment, and this problem is considered as a major threat to the environment. The crude oil contains higher concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), which considered themselves hazardous to the environment and human health, and, therefore, requires remediation. Petroleum is a natural reserve found in accumulation in porous reservoir rock underground during geographical time scale (Olajire, 2014). Petroleum reserves are available in liquid form, which is called crude oil. Apart from liquid form, other formations are soil (such as coal, bitumen, and tar sands) and gaseous (such as natural gas). Crude oils are predominantly made up of higher carbon atom number (C5+), and in room temperature and pressure, they form a liquid (Schlumberger, 2010). Oily waste pollution is generated through gas flaring, aboveground pipeline leakage, oily waste dumping at different dumping site, and due to oil spills. Gas flare from any oil industry located near the village or urban area causes substantial ecological damages to the land, water, and vegetation by producing soot. The soot is deposited on the building roofs and surface of the leaf in the nearby area. After raining, the soot will be washed off in a liquid form of black-ink color, which contains harmful chemicals drained to the soil affecting the fertility of the soil. On the other hand, gas pipelines have also caused damage to the agricultural soils where the pipeline goes. Both the effects are hazardous to the environment, and effects range from soil infertility to health problems, which may cause fatal to a human.
Characteristics of changes in hazardous elements and heavy metals during pyrolysis treatment of oily sludge
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Qian Wen, Wencai Cheng, Dujiang Liu, Zhiguo Shao, Shipei Xu, Zhicheng He, Jiangbo Li, Jitao Xuan, Xirui Lu
It is well known that the petroleum industry is widely distributed in China. Oily sludge is one of the solid wastes generated in the petroleum industry (Tian et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020). On the one hand, petroleum hydrocarbons in oily sludge can cause harm to the ecosystem when they enter the environment. On the other hand, heavy metals (such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd) in oily sludge can cause diseases when they enter the human body (Akpoveta and Osakwe 2014; Dhaliwal et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Xu et al. 2018). Moreover, oily sludge is toxic and corrosive, and it is classified as hazardous waste by many countries (Dias, Fiquene de Brito, and Silva Muniz 2022; Egazar’yants et al. 2015; Lin et al. 2021). As oil resources continue to be extracted, the volume of solid waste containing oil sludge inevitably rises. In China, the annual production of oily sludge is about 50,000 tons (Hui et al. 2020). The effective management of this solid waste is one of the challenges facing the petroleum industry today.
A review of application and development of combustion technology for oil sludge
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Zhiqiang Gong, Haoteng Zhang, Yonglong Juan, Lingkai Zhu, Wei Zheng, Junqi Ding, Maocheng Tian, Xiaoyu Li, Jianqiang Zhang, Yizhi Guo, Guoen Li
The combustion technology of oil sludge has distinct advantages, nevertheless, its drawbacks also exist. As is known, economic efficiency is always one of the decisive factors for the application of various technologies. At present, the main problem for oil sludge combustion technology is the high cost, including the cost of equipment investment, pretreatment, combustion process and secondary pollution treatment. Therefore, although the combustion technology is gradually applied in large refineries, oil fields and concentrated treatment centers of oil sludge, the high cost limits its further application in small scale oil fields and refineries. How to reduce the cost of equipment investment, dehydration and desiccation, consumption of auxiliary fuel, secondary pollution treatment and increase revenue at the same time are important objects for future work. Therefore, the most suitable operating conditions should be determined to reduce the unnecessary energy waste and the discharge of pollutants. Meanwhile, the efficiency of heat recovery should be improved and the resource utilization of oil sludge combustion ash should be promoted.
Microwave demulsification characteristics and product analysis of oily sludge
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Zhanlong Song, Wei Pan, Siyu Wang, Xu Lv, Xiqiang Zhao, Jing Sun, Yanpeng Mao, Xujiang Wang, Wenlong Wang
Oily sludge refers to the mixture of oil, water, soil, and other pollutants produced in the process of crude oil exploitation, transportation, storage, processing, and refining. It usually contains a large amount of crude oil, asphaltenes, colloids, suspended solids, heavy metal salts, benzene series, phenol, anthracene, and other toxic and harmful substances (Gong et al. 2018). It is estimated by the petrochemical industry that China produces 3 million tons of sludge each year (Zhao et al. 2019). Moreover, with the development of tertiary oil recovery, the output of sludge is getting worse and the moisture content is getting higher and higher. If the moisture in the sludge can be effectively removed, the sludge reserves will be greatly reduced and the subsequent disposal cost will be greatly cut down. At the same time, the oil content of oily sludge is generally 10% to 50%, which has a high recycling value. Therefore, the demulsification and dehydration of oily sludge is the key to its harmless and resource disposal.