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Machine learning
Published in Janet Finlay, Alan Dix, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Imagine you are shown a hammer for the first time. You notice that it has a long wooden handle with a heavy metal bit at the end. The metal end has one flat surface and one round one. You are told that the purpose of a hammer is to knock in nails. You explain the example as follows. The handle is there so that it can be held in the hand. It is long so that the head can be swung at speed to hit the nail. One surface of the hammer must be flat to hit the nail with. So, the essential features extracted are: a long handle of a substance that is easy to hold, and a head with at least one flat surface, made of a substance hard enough to hit nails without damage. A couple of years ago, one of the authors bought a tool in Finland. It was made of steel with rubber covering the handle. The head had one flat surface and one flat sharp edge (for cutting wood, a form of adze). Despite the strange shape and not having a wooden handle it is recognizably a hammer.
Sketches of several dilatancy manifestations
Published in Dmitry Yu. Sobolevsky, Strength of Dilating Soil and Load-holding Capacity of Deep Foundations, 2020
When reinforcement is effected by means of nails a more intensive dispersion of stresses within the massif takes place (see Table 12.2). Therefore, the distance 6dN will correspond to the minimal stress σno+0.006Δσd. Nails are usually designed to be placed at the distance of 0.5–1.0 m from one another, more rarely over 1.2 m. When the diameter of a nail is about 80 mm this corresponds to 6–12 dN.
External Walls
Published in Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Karl Kovac, Chudley and Greeno’s Building Construction Handbook, 2020
Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Karl Kovac
Round head galvanised or stainless steel nails will avoid corrosion and metal staining. Lost head nails should be avoided as these can pull through. Annular ring shank nails provide extra grip. Dense timbers such as Siberian larch, Douglas fir and hardwoods should be pre-drilled 2mm over nail diameter. Double nailing may be required in very exposed situations.
Wind vulnerability and strengthening of Bhutanese vernacular roofs
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2022
Nimesh Chettri, Govinda Dhaurali, Tekindra Neopaney, Tshering Cheki, Dipendra Gautam
Efficient and well-designed nails in joints have advantage as they transfer the loads through fasteners, thereby reducing stress concentrations (Batchelar et al. 2004). The nails used to connect timber joints should be plain-head and diamond-pointed per IS 723-1972 code. Where rusting of nails is anticipated, galvanized wire nails should be used per the recommendation to avoid rusting. The minimum thickness of the members for the connection with nail should be 30 mm. The diameter of the nails should be in the range 1/11 to 1/6 of the minimum thickness of the members in the connection. The length of nails should be greater than or equal to the total thickness of the member in the connection. For stronger connections, nodal joints should be provided with 2 nails, and lengthening joints should be provided with 4 nails (BIS:1983). Figure 18 demonstrates the arrangement of nails connecting the timber members. The number of nails required for each connection can be calculated by using the strength of nail, which depends on type of nails used, size of nail, type of timber used for joint, and moisture content of timber, as follows: