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Validation of Lyophilization
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
The analytical method for moisture determination must be validated prior to use during any process validation studies. There are numerous techniques for moisture analysis that range from physical methods such as loss on drying to chemical methods such as Karl Fisher. The most common and preferred method is extraction using anhydrous methanol titrated with a colorimetric Karl Fischer method. A comparative review of the conventional techniques is presented in an overview by May (33). The use of near-infrared methods has recently been introduced as an alternate method (34).
In situ microbial and phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil by Cynodon sp.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Nivedita Shivkumar Iyer, Dharamendra D. Mandaliya, Shailesh R. Dave
The estimation of initial moisture percentage present in soil was carried out in triplicates of 10 g each dried under oven at 63 ± 2 °C until constant mass of sample obtained. The remaining mass was deducted from initial mass and the evaporation loss was calculated as moisture present in sample soil. Water was added to the soil sample to its level of absorbing capacity and dried similarly for determination of water holding capacity of soil. Crude oil was extracted from 10 g of soil to prepare oil free soil for TDS measurement. This soil was mixed with water in 1:1 ratio and continuously stirred to form suspension while pipetting 60 ml soil into 250 ml flask containing Whatman filter paper no. 42 with pore size 2.5 µm. The difference observed from filtrate mass to initial sample mass is TDS. Moisture analysis data are given in Table 1 (Iyer et al. 2020).
Development of a new pre-drying method of accelerated water absorption and partial gelatinization of starch in paddy using pulsed microwave-water applications in a microwave rotary drum dryer
Published in Drying Technology, 2019
The two kg paddy of 11.11–12.36% db initial moisture content was placed inside the rotary drum. The drum was tightly closed using the front-side lid (Figure 1, part no. 7 and Figure 2(B)) and the outer microwave cavity was closed with a rectangular stainless steel door (Figure 1, part no. 14). The drum rotation was fixed at 50 rpm. The microwave power density and quantity of water to be added in the 2 kg paddy was pre-calculated. Also, pulsations of the microwave power and water sprays during the experiment were predetermined. The preliminary trials indicated that 180 mL water sprayed every 10 min yields better water absorption by paddy during microwave heating. Therefore, 1.8 L water was consumed by 2.0 kg of paddy in 100 min. Each experiment was conducted for 100 min with 10 cycles of 10 min. At the end of each cycle, paddy sample was withdrawn for moisture content analysis. The microwave power density was varied between 0.2 and 1 kW kg−1 initial weight of paddy. From preliminary trials, it was found that the microwave power density above 1 kW kg−1 results into more specific energy consumption and drying of paddy instead of water absorption. The experiments at five power densities were conducted and 50 samples were drawn for moisture analysis. The microwave pulsating ratio (PR) of 1.5 was maintained constant through all experiments.
Influence of rainfall events on coal moisture content in mine stockpiles
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Quentin Peter Campbell, Marco le Roux, Fardis Nakhaei
Evaporation rate from a coal bed surface was determined by recording the mass loss from open containers exposed to the atmosphere (Fig. 2b), while at the same time weather conditions such a temperature and relative humidity were measured. Coal samples with known masses and particle size distributions were placed into the containers to a depth of about 250 mm and saturated with water. The extra water was drained off, and a sample was taken to define the starting point moisture content. The experiments were carried out for 10 days while the mass and weather data were recorded. After completion of the experiment, a final sample was taken for total and inherent moisture analysis. The actual moisture content over time was back calculated.