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Establishing the Thermal Phase Behavior and its Influence on Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymers
Published in John R. Reynolds, Barry C. Thompson, Terje A. Skotheim, Conjugated Polymers, 2019
Solvents can interact with polymers, semiconducting, conducting, or insulating, through forces such as van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding. This can result in a melting point depression of the solute. In semiconductor solvent systems, this usually is exploited when making a solution, e.g., for printing (see. Section 10.3.1.2). The interactions between the solvent (1) and the solute (2) can thereby be quantitatively treated according to standard melting point depression concepts advanced for classical polymer systems by Flory and Huggins:68,691/Tm,2−1/Tm,2°=[(R/ΔHu,2)⋅(Vu,2/Vu,1)]⋅[v1−(χ⋅v22)]
Thin Film Resistance Temperature Detectors
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications, 2017
Therefore, the results obtained with the theoretical model are in very good agreement with experimental findings for bulk platinum and nickel RTDs. Now the model must be adjusted and/or modified in order to generate theoretical data that is in agreement with experimental data for thin films. Since it is well known that physical properties of materials change when their size is reduced to the nanometer scale [46–50], it is reasonable to expect that one of the parameters in Equation 12.3 is responsible for the difference between the bulk and thin film resistivity responses. For example, it has been shown that melting point depression (i.e., the phenomena in which the melting point of a material becomes lower when the size of that material is reduced) occurs in materials because the molecules gain enough energy at lower temperatures to change from the solid to the liquid state [51–53].
Flexible waste management system for the future application of MA P&T technology to the current high-level liquid waste
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2023
Tetsuo Fukasawa, Akihiro Suzuki, Yoichi Endo, Yaohiro Inagaki, Tatsumi Arima, Yusa Muroya, Keita Endo, Daisuke Watanabe, Tatsuro Matsumura, Katsunori Ishii, Junichi Yamashita
Figure 5 and Figure 6 are SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) and TG-DTA (Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis) results for the produced granule, respectively. All elements exist almost homogenously as shown in Figure 5, which indicates little specific heat or stress concentration in the granule. The granule shows little weight change with temperature increase of 10°C/min as shown in Figure 6, which indicates its thermal stability below 500°C. DTA decrease at ~ 270°C may be due to the melting of the granule components. Sodium nitrate (melting point: 306°C) is the main component of the granule and may introduce the melting point depression with other nitrates. Then the granule temperature is better to be maintained below 270°C to avoid its melting.
Estimation of lurasidone hydrochloride equilibrium solubility in a polymeric solid dispersion using thermal analysis and thermodynamic modeling
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Joško Barbarić, Krunoslav Žižek, Marko Rogošić
Finally, the third Gibbs free energy of mixing term (GIII) was estimated for each drug weight fraction. Thermodynamic data shown in Table 5 correspond to dissolution of LRS HCl in poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) and are highly dependent on the interactions in this drug-polymer system. Therein, we have used Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, dimensionless quantities originally used to indicate the level of interactions in polymer-solvent systems, in this particular case applied on a API-polymer pair. In literature, three methods have been used efficiently for estimating interaction parameters. The first one connotes calculation of solubility parameter for each component involved using, most frequently, group contribution methods. The second one is the melting point depression method which has been found useful for estimating interaction parameters at temperatures close to the melting point.[15] Commonly, melting point depression is measured by the DSC analysis.[7,49] The third method for determination of Flory–Huggins interaction parameters is experimental too, but less direct and involves measuring drug solubilities in low-molecular-weight analogues of polymers.[14,50]
Mechanisms of soot-aggregate restructuring and compaction
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023
Joel C. Corbin, Robin L. Modini, Martin Gysel-Beer
Aggregates of metal nanoparticles are known to sinter (partially coalesce without liquefying) at temperatures well below the melting point, and this leads to aggregate compaction (Kleinwechter, Friedlander, and Schmidt-Ott 1997; Schmidt-Ott 1988; Friedlander 2000). The same is true for metal-oxide nanoparticles (Kelesidis et al. 2018). This process is attributable to melting-point depression (Section S4) and not capillary forces. Conversely, the strong inter-particle bonds of strongly sintered aggregates (Friedlander 2000) can prevent condensation-compaction (Kelesidis et al. 2018). The fact that compaction has been observed for the wide variety of soot sources cited herein, without exception, indicates that such inter-particle bonds are weaker than typical capillary forces for soot.