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Properties and applications of engineering materials
Published in Alan Darbyshire, Charles Gibson, Mechanical Engineering, 2023
Alan Darbyshire, Charles Gibson
Whereas ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn out in tension, malleability is the ability of a material to be deformed or spread in different directions. This is usually caused by compressive forces during rolling, pressing and hammering operations. Copper is both ductile and malleable but the two properties do not necessarily go together. Lead is extremely malleable but not very ductile, and soon fractures when loaded in tension.
Treatment of industrial effluent to reclaim copper using adsorption technique
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2022
Shilpa Kalamani Bawkar, Pankaj Kumar Choubey, Rukshana Parween, Rekha Panda, Pramod Kumar Singh, Manis Kumar Jha, Jae-chun Lee
Copper is an important non-ferrous metal having distinctive properties such as excellent heat and electrical conductivity, ductility and malleability. It finds a wide range of applications viz. manufacturing of electronic equipments, electric wires (cables), plumbing, roofing, surface coating and industrial machinery. Especially, the electronic industry is the major consumer of copper. In electronic industries, copper is widely used as interconnecting metal due to its higher conductivity, less resistance and greater electro migration property (Panda et al., 2020). During the polishing and finishing of the electronic products, a large amount of chemical and mechanical polishing (CMP) effluent is generated, containing significant quantity of copper i.e., <1000 ppm of copper (Campbell et al., 2001). The untreated effluent when discharged into water bodies creates water pollution by contaminating the water quality, which has deleterious effect on health of living organisms (Al-Saydeh et al., 2017). This causes major environmental issues viz. bioaccumulation, eutrophication, etc. (Nikulina & Dullo, 2009; Roh et al., 2014). Excessive intake of copper may cause several diseases such as gastro-intestinal disease, haemolysis, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects (Jha et al., 2009). Moreover, regular and prolonged intake of copper through drinking water may also cause Wilson’s disease, if copper concentration is more than that prescribed for human beings i.e., 5 ppm according to WHO norms. Therefore, proper and efficient treatment of such industrial effluent/ waste water is the need of the hour.
Efficient Modeling and Optimal Design of Coal Fired Pusher Type Reheating Furnace
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2021
Saurav Chakraborty, Prabal Talukdar
High demand for steel production requires huge investment of resources. The reheating furnace is used to heat the steel billets and slabs above recrystallization temperature to increase their malleability for subsequent hot rolling operations. But the heating process consumes huge amount of fossil fuels, which not only adds to the direct cost of production but also adds to the indirect cost to the society via environmental pollution. Therefore extensive research is being carried out in the direction of reducing both the direct and the indirect costs. In several Asian countries, coal is still the widely used fuel in reheating furnaces due to abundant and cheap availability, in spite of being the most polluting fuel. Numerical modeling serves as a very effective tool to investigate the complex physical processes inside the reheating furnace under the prevailing conditions of high temperature. Unfortunately, very limited research has been carried out to model and analyze reheating furnaces using coal fuel and the only numerical model serving as an effective tool for such furnaces was developed by the authors recently [1].
Stability of X-IV-IV half Heusler semiconductor alloys: a DFT study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
These parameters are of great importance when considering deformation under pressure, malleability, ductility, stiffness, hardness, and a host of other materials’ elastic and mechanical properties. For instance, the stiffness of material against principal strain is determined using the behaviour of C11, which contributes the longitudinal wave vector to the dispersion relation, which connects the frequency to the wavevector in the [100] direction. At the same time, C44 describes the stiffness of a bulk crystal structure; it is also a determinant of the crystal's resistance against shear deformation and contributes two (degenerate) transverse waves to the dispersion relation in the [100] direction. , on the other hand, defines the transverse expansion of the cubic crystal. The three independent elastic constants for testing the Born stability criteria are presented in Table 3. From the computations, the three alloys meet the criteria for stability. The results show that NiHfSi will pose the greatest resistance to shear and strain deformation, while NiHfGe is most susceptible to strain.