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Motor Cooling
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
While conventional air cooling techniques have provided the most cost-effective option and served small-sized and medium-sized electric motors well for a long time, liquid-cooled solutions have been recognized as the best means for cooling high-powered and large-sized modern electric machines. In recent years, liquid cooling has been widely accepted as an attractive cooling method for motor cooling due to higher heat transfer coefficients achieved as compared to air cooling. The renewed attention on liquid cooling is mainly resulted from the inexorable rise in motor power dissipation and emergence of on-winding hot spots. By moving from air cooling to liquid cooling, thermal restrictions on the design of large size and high-power-density motors can be removed. Although water as the most common cooling medium has been extensively used in many cooling applications (main in the form of indirect cooling) due to its superior thermophysical properties, units can be built using other cooling mediums such as mineral oils, FC liquids, refrigerants, liquid nitrogen, and liquid metals with low-melting points.
Lubrication and cooling
Published in Andrew Livesey, Motorcycle Engineering, 2021
The liquid cooling system works by using coolant, the name for water mixed with other chemicals, to remove the heat from the cylinder block and pass it to the radiator so that it is cooled down. That is, the coolant circulates through the engine, where it gets hot, then through hoses to the radiator, where it cools down again, and finally, back through another hose to the engine to go through the process again. When the petrol is burning in the combustion chamber, the temperature gets very hot, about 2000 °C (3500 °F). The cooling system therefore needs to work very hard to keep the temperature of the components at about 85 °C (185 °F). Most engines run at between about 80° and 90 °C (180° and 190 °F). The temperature of the engine is kept between 80° and 90 °C (180° and 190 °F) because this is the most efficient temperature; that is, it will use the least fuel and produce the least pollution.
The Future of Network Energy
Published in Marcus K. Weldon, The Future X Network, 2018
Optimization of energy dissipation using innovative thermal management technologies is thus critical for lowering that 32 percent share while maintaining the data center in its operating range and within its reliability target. Convective air-cooling is the traditional approach and works quite well for low to moderate server heat densities. Recently, a number of data center operators have published impressive power utilization efficiencies (PUE) using innovative air flow management techniques, such as hot- and cold-aisle segregation, higher room operating temperatures and free cooling, whenever possible. More recently there has been growing interest in liquid-cooling, which offers significant benefits relative to conventional air-based approaches, especially with respect to energy efficiency and equipment heat density. Liquid-cooling can be implemented at a range of equipment scales, including the rack, the server and even the component level, and will be especially important for ultra-dense systems, such as those expected in future data centers. Although liquid-cooling offers 10–40x improvements in heat transfer efficiency compared to air-cooling, some significant challenges remain, including the need for high reliability, low acoustic noise, physical footprint constraints and the ability to easily maintain and upgrade server equipment.
Experimental investigation of natural convection of Fe3O4-water nanofluid in a cubic cavity
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
With the miniaturization of electronic devices the heat generated per unit area has increased as such it becomes important to remove excess heat from the system in order to maintain the temperatures within desired operating range. Excessive temperatures can result in thermo mechanical stresses that can result in catastrophic failure like breaking of solder joints, melting of low temperature materials and as such impact the reliability of electronic systems. Moreover, heat generated due to high power density acts as a bottleneck for further miniaturization of electronic components. In order to overcome it, liquid cooling can be used instead of conventional air cooling method. By increasing the thermal conductivity of liquids, the performance of a liquid cooling system may be enhanced. By scattering nano-scale solid particles into standard heat transfer fluids such as water or ethylene glycol, it is possible to increase their thermal conductivity. Nanofluids are two-phase systems consisting of a nanoscale solid phase scattered inside a liquid phase. In recent years, nanofluids have garnered increasing interest. Nanofluids research is primarily motivated by its diverse range of applications and its potential to improve the efficacy of heat transfer liquids. S. Choi created the term "nanofluid" in 1995 at the Argonne National Laboratories in Illinois[1] while Masuda et al.[2] were the first to demonstrate an increased thermal conductivity of nanofluids compared to base fluid.
Systematic Experimental Study of the Viscosity of Nanofluids
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2021
Andrey V. Minakov, Valery Ya. Rudyak, Maxim I. Pryazhnikov
Ethylene glycol or its mixture with water in various proportions is usually used to reduce the freezing point and is widely applied as automotive antifreeze and brake fluids component, as well as coolant in various systems, such as computer liquid cooling systems [52]. In all cases, the viscosity of ethylene glycol or its water mixture is an extremely important factor in the practical application of this mixture. Systematic measurements of the viscosity of the corresponding nanofluids with SiO2 particles depending on the temperature were performed in studies [53, 54]. However, the dependence of viscosity on the particle volume fraction was not considered in these works. This has been done in the present work. Nanofluids based on ethylene glycol and its mixtures with water and different nanoparticles were studied. In all cases, the viscosity depends, of course, on the nanoparticle size. In this section, we have limited ourselves to examples of nanofluids with 75 nm particles of Al2O3.
Nanofluid as a coolant in internal combustion engine – a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Kandhal M. Jadeja, Rakesh Bumataria, Neeraj Chavda
Earlier, water was utilised as a cooling medium in the liquid cooling system of IC engines. In a liquid cooling system, coolant oil is added to the water to avoid evaporating and freezing of water during the working condition, suitable for weather conditions and enhancing the cooling impact. Nowadays, Monoethylene Glycol and propylene glycol type fluids are blended with water to improve the cooling performance of the liquid cooling system of modern IC engines (Subbiah 2017).