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Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Interrogation Systems
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Ginu Rajan, Krzysztof Iniewski, Optical Fiber Sensors, 2017
Inclination or tilt angle measurement is an important parameter in terms of civil, mechanical, instrumentation, robotics, and aeronautical engineering applications. An FBG sensor can be configured as a tilt sensor using various schemes in which a strain is induced to shift the Bragg wavelengths of the FBGs. Chen et al. have presented a scheme for a tilt angle measurement, in which only one prestrained FBG is employed to obtain temperature independence in a 1-D measurement [116]. In the arrangement, an FBG is anchored at its two ends (marked by A and B in Figure 9.18) between an iron ball and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinder (Figure 9.18). The PVC cylinder is fixed at one end onto the inner surface of the aluminum box. Another fiber (dummy fiber) is anchored between one end upon the iron ball (i.e., point C) and the aluminum housing (at point D).
Centrifuge instrumentation
Published in Gopal Madabhushi, Centrifuge Modelling for Civil Engineers, 2015
Measurement of inclination is often carried out in the field to establish angles of a slope or to determine the verticality of a structure. In a centrifuge test we are often required to establish the verticality of our structures or measure the angle they make with respect to the high gravity direction. With the advances in MEMS accelerometers, it is now possible to create miniature inclinometers quite easily. The object whose verticality needs to be known during different stages of a centrifuge test can be fitted with a MEMS accelerometer. The output from this device will change depending on the angle it makes with direction of the g field, thereby recording the inclination of the object to which it is attached.
The leaning bell-tower of Pisa
Published in Manuel Matos Fernandes, Analysis and design of geotechnical structures, 2020
For a structure under those conditions, an incipient inclination – motivated by a possible, though small and brief, loading asymmetry or by a minute soil heterogeneity – will produce an overturning moment that the foundation ground has difficulty in equilibrating without experiencing a certain deformation. This allows the inclination to increase, which, in turn, induces the moment to increase, generating a continuous tilt progression at an increasing rate. Given the prolonged time period over which this phenomenon developed in the case of the Tower of Pisa, the deformation produced in the past centuries may be associated with creep (secondary consolidation).
Advanced data mining techniques for landslide susceptibility mapping
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2021
Muhammad Bello Ibrahim, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Abdul-Lateef Balogun, Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahap, Mudassir Ali Khan
The slope angle provides details of the surface steepness or inclination with the horizontal plane. Sloppy terrains with higher angles of inclination are more susceptible to landslides. The slope angle has been used to date by many researchers for landslide prediction because of its relationship with gravitational forces that act on the detaching materials (Nath et al. 2020). Landslide occurs at specific critical slopes, usually termed unstable slopes. It is hard to single out and label a slope as safe or unsafe to landslides despite the size of its angle of inclination without considering other factors. From our study area, the slopes have ranged from to about (Figure 4b) which is a value too high for safe slopes under normal conditions.