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Metal Forming
Published in Sherif D. El Wakil, Processes and Design for Manufacturing, 2019
A large variety of materials can be worked by forging. These include low-carbon steels, aluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys, as well as many of the alloy steels and stainless steels. Each metal or alloy has its own plastic forging temperature range. Some alloys can be forged in a wide temperature range, whereas others have narrow ranges, depending upon the constituents and the chemical composition. Usually, the forging temperatures recommended for nonferrous alloys and metals are much lower than those required for ferrous materials. Table 5.2 indicates the range of forging temperatures for the commonly used alloys.
Mill Rolls and Their Bearings
Published in William L. Roberts, Cold Rolling of Steel, 2017
Step heating may be employed; that is, the work piece may be held at one or more temperature levels below forging temperature and then allowed to equalize before proceeding to a higher temperature level. It has been found that, after its temperature has been equalized at a point slightly above the upper critical temperature (about 1475°F), steel can be heated at a rate of 40° to 60°F per hour until forging temperature is attained. This cycle results in heating times corresponding to approximately 3/4 to 1 hour per inch of diameter of thickness of the ingot or forging. In general, carbon steels containing over 0.50 per cent of carbon and alloy steels require slower rates of heating than carbon steels with less than 0.50 per cent carbon.
Influence of powder forging and heat treatment conditions on the properties of the cost-effective Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2023
This study analysed the effect that the thermomechanical deformation by α+β and β hot forging and the subsequent β solution plus aging heat treatment have on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe billets produced through the powder metallurgy blended elemental approach. From this study, the following conclusions can, therefore, be drawn: − The level of consolidation of the forged Ti-5Al-2.5Fe billets is improved by increasing the forging temperature, as the size and number of pores are reduced by increasing the forging temperature from 900°C to 1250°C due to higher deformability of the material at high temperatures. However, a higher forging temperature also leads to grain growth and, therefore, to the coarsening of the size of the α+β colonies, which results in the forged billets having lower strength but higher ductility.− The β solution plus aging heat treatment changes the features of the phases and the phases composing the alloy, which are dictated by the thermal history of the alloy. In particular, the β solution plus aging heat treatment induces the coarsening of the microstructural features, including α grain boundaries and α+β lamellae, leading to general increase of the mechanical behaviour of the material regardless of the selected forging temperature. A higher increment of the mechanical properties is achieved if the α+β Ti alloy is forged at lower temperatures.
Material removal and belt wear in laser assisted grinding TC17
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Dabin Liu, Zhongcai Deng, Guijian Xiao, Gang Liu
This experiment’s experimental material is TC17 alloy. TC17 alloy is an α-β type two-phase titanium alloy rich in β-stabilizing elements. Its nominal composition is Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mn-4Cr, which has high strength and fracture. It has several advantages, including high toughness, high hardenability, and a wide forging temperature range.[27]Tables 1 and 2 show its chemical composition and mechanical properties. The TC17 alloy material with a thickness of 2 mm was cut into a rectangular block of 10 cm × 8 cm with an electric spark, the surface to be processed was polished with metallographic sandpaper on a metallographic grinder, and finally the workpiece was ultrasonically cleaned and then dried.
Strengthening behaviour of forged in-situ developed magnesium composites
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Harprabhjot Singh, Deepak Kumar, Nooruddin Ansari
Mg alloys are majorly produced by the casting process [9]. The large grain size, the porosity, and the low dislocation density lead to poor mechanical properties. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an established method to address the highlighted issues [25–28]. Forging is one type of SPD process that reduces casting defects and improves mechanical properties. Previous studies suggest that low forging temperature should be chosen to achieve the benefit of strain hardening [9]. It has been suggested that the forming temperature should be higher than 225°C for AZ31B magnesium alloy [29]. For Mg, above 225°C, the prismatic slip becomes favourable along with the basal slip and thus improves ductility and forgeability [30]. Above 200°C, the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for prismatic and pyramidal planes gets halved. It reaches near CRSS for the basal plane near and above 350°C. Researchers have studied microstructure evolution and efficiency of the power dissipation in Mg alloy (Mg–3Al–1Zn–2Ca) forged at 350–500°C at a speed of 0.01–10 mm s−1 [30]. They found dynamic recrystallization (DRX) at low forging speeds and flow localisation at higher speeds.