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Documentation and General Calibration
Published in Howard E. Hesketh, Air And Waste Management, 2019
Gas volume can be determined as a function of temperature at a constant pressure for a given mass of material. If gas fraction plots of volume vs. temperature lines are extrapolated to a volume of zero, they all intersect at a common temperature (–273.15°C or –459.67°F). This is the temperature at which a gas, if it did not condense, would theoretically have a volume of zero. This temperature (–273.15°C or –459.67°F) is called absolute zero. Another temperature scale, developed by and named after English physicist Lord Kelvin, begins at absolute zero and has temperature intervals equal to Celsius units. This absolute temperature scale is in units of degrees Kelvin (K). A similar scale was developed to parallel the Fahrenheit scale and is called the Rankine scale (°R). The following formulas can be used to convert temperatures to their respective absolute scales. °K = °C+273.16°R = °F + 459.67
What are architectural lighting systems?
Published in Samuel L. Hurt, Building Systems in Interior Design, 2017
Color temperature is another important consideration, which also interacts with CRI. Due to the constant variability of sunlight and the wide variations between electric lamps, it is necessary to define the “color” of the light. This is done by using the Kelvin scale, which is the absolute temperature scale developed by the scientist Lord Kelvin. (It is considered the absolute temperature scale because absolute zero is zero on this scale. If memory serves, absolute zero is –273 degrees Celsius.) So when we refer to a lamp as “3,000 K” that means that its light output closely resembles—in color only—the light output of a theoretical black body that has been heated to 3,000 Kelvin. (In reality, tungsten performs very much like the theoretical black body.)
Temperature—contact
Published in Martin Novák, Introduction to Sensors for Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 2020
There are different temperature scales. Absolute temperature is expressed in kelvin (K). By definition, the temperature at absolute zero is 0 K. The second point defining the thermodynamic scale is the triple point of water (0.01°C). In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (for example, gas, liquid and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Effect of neighbouring molecules on ground-state properties of many-body polar linear rotor systems
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Tapas Sahoo, Gautam Gangopadhyay
Let be the overall orientation of the ith rotor; therefore, the collective angular motion of the system of N rotors can be defined as . In PIGS approach, the ground-state ket is approximated as where the inverse temperature . T is the absolute temperature and is the Boltzmann constant. The imaginary time projection operator relaxes the real-valued trial wavefunction to the true ground-state in the limit. It should be noted that the approximation is valid only if the trial wavefunction has a non-zero overlap with the true ground state, i.e., . Moreover, as the PIGS is a variational method, the rate of the convergence of the limit in Equation (4) must be affected by the choice of trial wavefunction. In the present simulations, a constant trial function, is chosen. This corresponds to the true ground state of a set of non-interacting rotors.
Removal ability of different underlying surfaces to near-surface particulate matter
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Zhang Yu, Yan Guoxin, Dai Liyi, Cong Ling, Wu Yanan, Zhai Jiexiu, Zhang Zhenming
On the basis of the above hypotheses, the resistance can be expressed as where is the resistance caused by turbulence, is the resistance generated by inertia, and is the resistance connected with Brownian diffusion. can be expressed, for any underlying surface, in terms of the Schmidt number: where can be expressed as Here, is the air kinematic viscosity and is the Brownian diffusion coefficient of particulate matter, which is expressed via the Stokes–Einstein equation: where is the Boltzmann constant and is the absolute temperature.
Combination of quadratic ranking selection real-coded genetic algorithm with the Hooke-Jeeves optimisation method for solar photovoltaic parameter estimation
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Mohamed Bounekhla, Fatiha Habbi, El-Ghalia Boudissa, Mountssar Maamoun, Abderrezak Guessoum
The output current versus output voltage relationship can then be expressed by the following equation (Alayi et al. 2021): where is the thermal voltage, with denoting the absolute temperature of the cell in Kelvin, is the Boltzmann constant and is the electron charge (Coulombs).