China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Applications in Manufacturing
Published in Nirupam Chakraborti, Data-Driven Evolutionary Modeling in Materials Technology, 2023
Forging is a common metal forming process where a metal is plastically deformed at a high temperature by applying a compressive force, usually through a mechanical hammer or a die. Many useful shapes can be produced this way. The mechanical metallurgy of forging is well known (Dieter, 1984) and a number of evolutionary algorithm-based studies have contributed value to it.
Motor Frame Design
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal by pressing or hammering. Metals can be either cold-forged or hot-forged depending on applications. Forging refines the grain structure in the direction of the deformation and develops the optimum grain flow. The modified structure gives forged parts better mechanical properties than machined parts in which the grain flow is broken by machining. Generally, forging technology is suitable for making parts that have simple geometries. For endbells with complicated structures, casting is more convenient than forging as the manufacturing process.
Reassessment of Fatigue Life of the Modified Combustor Casing
Published in Sashi Kanta Panigrahi, Niranjan Sarangi, Aero Engine Combustor Casing, 2017
Sashi Kanta Panigrahi, Niranjan Sarangi
Forging results in metal that is stronger than that found in cast or machined metal parts. This stems from the grain flow caused through forging. As the metal is pounded, the grains deform to follow the shape of the part, thus the grains are unbroken throughout the part. Some modern parts take advantage of this for a high strength-to-weight ratio. Many metals are forged cold, but iron and its alloys are almost always forged hot. This is for two reasons: first, if work hardening were allowed to progress, hard materials such as iron and steel would become extremely difficult to work with; second, steel can be strengthened by other means than cold-working, thus it is more economical to hot forge than heat treat. Alloys that are amenable to precipitation hardening, such as most alloys of aluminium and titanium, can also be hot forged then hardened. Other materials must be strengthened by the forging process itself.
Manufacturing and forging issues encountered while upscaling 1.3C30Mn10Al-austenitic and 0.65C12Mn-duplex low-density steels
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Idurre Kaltzakorta, Teresa Gutierrez, Roberto Elvira, Pello Jimbert, Teresa Guraya
Drop forging, or hot forging, is a hot metal working process in which the metal is heated to the appropriate or required temperature to achieve the plastic deformation necessary to obtain the final shape of the work piece in solid state by compressive forces applied using dies and tools.[5] Among all transformation processes, forging occupies a special place because it allows parts with superior mechanical properties to be obtained with a minimum waste of material . Hot forging takes place at temperatures above recrystallization. Forging usually requires relatively expensive tooling, but this is not a disadvantage when a large number of parts have to be produced or when forging is the only transformation process that can obtain the required final mechanical properties; in these cases forging process is an economically competitive transformation process.[6]
Experimental and numerical evaluation of squeeze cast Al-Si-Cu-Ni-Mg alloy for piston applications
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Hari Sanil, T.K Deepak, M. Ravi
Gravity die casting and forging are the most common techniques used for manufacturing engine pistons. The drawbacks with the die casting method is the formation of defects such as gas porosity, hot tear cold crack, shrinkage porosity.[22] The forged components are used to observe with a non-uniform microstructure.[23] In order to overcome the above drawbacks, number of efficient casting techniques have been developed.[24] In particular, squeeze casting allows the production of castings with lower defects and with enhanced mechanical properties. It integrates the both forging and casting characteristics into a single operation.[25] A review by Sarfraz et al.[26] gives a clear indication that squeeze casting is a fast-growing method for broad use in Al manufacturing industries. The major attractions of the process are the metallurgical advantages compared to other manufacturing techniques and the potential cost reduction compared with forging.[27–30] However, the quality of the squeeze cast component depends on the squeeze pressure as well as the molten metal pouring temperature. Sukumaran et al.[28] studied the effect of pressure on eliminating the casting defects. They obtained better mechanical properties and refined microstructure with negligible porosity when using the optimum pressure. Jahangiri et al.[29] also highlighted that the optimum pouring temperature and squeeze pressure are required to obtaining sound castings. Despite the industrial interest in the squeeze casting technique, there is only a limited scientific understanding of how solidification pressure affects the thermal conductivity.
Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the cladding layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy depending on ultrasonic-assisted forging
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2020
Guo-Fu Gao, Ting-Ting Su, Zhang-Dong Li, Yi Wang, Zi-Long Guo, Zhao-Jie Yuan
Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used in advanced industrial applications such as biomedical systems, implants, aerospace, and automotive industries due to lower density, high strength, corrosion and fatigue resistance at elevated temperatures,which can be used to manufacturethe lighter components [1,2]. Because of the high cost of the raw material, forging Titanium is preferable to machining with excessive chip scrap [3]. The objective of the contemporary technologies of forging is to obtain high quality forgings, namely, products have the required shape and dimensional tolerance, as well as excellent material and structural properties [4]. In particular, forging can strengthen the material by eliminating cracks and voids within the metal. Grain structure can also be altered due to the material flow in the process. Thus, forging represents an optimum way to create favorable grain structure, greatly increasing the strength of the produced parts [5]. Souza et al. [6] established a microstructural-based Estrin Mecking (EM) +Avrami model, which was developed and used to model the deformation behavior of Ti6Al4 V alloy with different initial grain morphologies (i.e. equiaxed vs martensitic) in the simulated thermal compression testing in the α + β phase region. In addition, the current model was extended to predict the material flow behavior of Ti6Al4 V alloy during bulk metallic deformation (i.e. forging) in 3D as an FEM-based simulation tool. Bahador et al. [7] compared the microstructure, transformation temperature and superelasticity of the products from two processes (with and without free forging). The results showed that free forging improved the tensile and shape-memory properties of the material effectively. Ductility increased from 6.8% to 9.2% after forging. Zhang et al. [8] carried out severe plastic deformation (SPD) on AZ80 alloy by high-pass multi-directional forging (MDF), in which AZ80 alloy was effectively refined by MDF, and the average grain size was refined to 0.73 µm after 24 passes of forging. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted plastic forming technology is to apply high frequency vibration to workpiece or tool head, which makes the plastic forming of workpiece easier than traditional method. The discovery of Blaha effect has attracted a large number of scholars’ interests in the ultrasonic vibration plastic forming technology [9,10]. Hung et al. [11] carried out ultrasonic vibration micro-compression experiments on brass (C2600) and found that ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-compression significantly reduced the flow stress, especially for micro-specimens, and the reduction range was influenced by the sample size. Fartashvand et al. [12] studied the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the acoustic softening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in tensile test. It was found that the yield stress decreased by 9.52%, the ultimate stress decreased by 4.55% and the elongation increased by 13% under 340 W ultrasonic power.