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Further Purification
Published in Gerard F. Arkenbout, Melt Crystallization Technology, 2021
A possibility of a further purification could be based on the fact that the equilibrium temperature of all crystals will not be the same. Factors lowering the equilibrium temperature are, among others, reduction of particle size, roughening of crystal-melt interface and absorption of mechanical energy resulting in stress (strain). The crystals with a lower equilibrium temperature tend to melt in a suspension, whereas crystals with a higher equilibrium temperature start to grow further in the presence of melting crystals. The feasibility of recrystallization was clearly demonstrated with ice when mixing small ice crystals and large crystals in a suspension (Huige, 1972). Twenty years ago it was demonstrated on a laboratory scale that crystals containing solid solution forming impurities could be purified further, when passing them through a gravity transport column while crushing the crystals by a mechanical action (Arkenbout, 1976). Figure 5.6 shows the device used.
Analytical Solution for the Steady-State Heat Transfer Analysis of Porous Nonhomogeneous Material Structures
Published in Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Vishesh Ranjan Kar, Subrata Kumar Panda, Kandaswamy Jayakrishna, Advanced Composite Materials and Structures, 2023
Samarjeet Kumar, Vishesh Ranjan Kar, Bakhtiyar Alimovich Khudayarov
For the steady-state heat transfer process, the temperature within the plate is independent of the time. The temperature profile obtained is also called equilibrium temperature. This solution is independent of time, and the rate of change of temperature is zero. dQdx=0
A Proposed Hybrid Model for Electric Power Generation: A Case Study of Rajasthan, India
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Parag Nijhawan, Manish Kumar Singla, Jyoti Gupta
The flat plate collector is the simplest and most widely used device to convert the sun’s radiation into useful heat. When exposed to solar radiations, the temperature of the metal sheet rises until the rate at which energy is received equals the rate of heat loss from a plate. This temperature is termed as the equilibrium temperature. After attaining equilibrium temperature, solar energy is converted into useful electricity. These collectors are designed for operation up to 100°C [8]. The primary input to the solar panels is solar irradiance i.e. annual mean daily duration of sunlight hours and daily solar radiation horizontal (kWh/m2/day). The annual data of solar irradiance for a particular area can be collected from various sites such as NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (power) database. A maximum power point (MPP) is the point on which maximum power is extracted from solar panels or collectors. An extensive research is going on maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Various algorithms have been proposed to track MPP. Generally, an incremental conductance algorithm is being preferred to attain maximum efficiency [9]. After tracking the MPP, the output power from the system is regulated by inverter and filter circuits. The schematic diagram of the PV system is shown in Figure 2.