China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Windows, doors and stairs
Published in Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath, of Houses, 2021
Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath
Multiple glazing has become standard – this is often ‘double glazing’ (two panes of glass separated by a layer of trapped air/gas) and increasingly ‘triple glazing’ (three panes, etc.). Both are explained in more detail later in the chapter. Multiple glazing is significantly thicker than the typical 4mm glass used in single glazing; it is also significantly heavier. Sprigs and putty are not an effective way to fix such glazing units and beads are the preferred method. Beads for timber windows are small section moulded timbers which are specially cut and fixed by nailing. This secures the glazed unit in the casement’s glazing rebate. A common defect in windows with multiple glazed units was poor on-site glazing and nowadays most windows are glazed prior to their arrival on site in an attempt to avoid this problem.
Defining the Double-Skin Facade in the Postwar Era
Published in Clifton Fordham, Constructing Building Enclosures, 2020
At mid-century, glass had assumed connotations beyond the basics of admitting light to see. Glass architecture expressed modernity and a healthful connection to the natural world, and the onset of World War II ushered in material and fuel rations. In this context, glass manufacturer Libbey Owens Ford developed Thermopane, beginning factory production of the product in 1937. Double glazing became a useful strategy to open homes and workplaces more fully and comfortably to daylight and views by reducing thermal losses, downdrafts and condensation. The work of Chicago architect George Fred Keck is a prime example of developments in glass enclosures that began before World War II and gained traction during and after the war. In the 1940s and 1950s, Keck’s designs for “solar houses” featured large, sun-facing Thermopane windows.13 Manufacturers worldwide began offering a steady stream of products with improved performance through better spacers and seals, and new glazing such as float glass and heat-absorbing glass. Window frame technologies likewise advanced. New materials and profiles with thermal breaks enabled larger window openings.
Heat
Published in William Bolton, Engineering Science, 2020
To keep heating costs to a minimum, houses can have cavity walls to reduce heat loss through walls and loft insultation to reduce heat loss through the roof. Loft insulation may be a blanket of fibre glass, the blanket having many air pockets in it which reduce heat loss. The air in the pockets is trapped and unable to circulate and so carries heat away by convection; also air has a low thermal conductivity. Houses can also have double glazing (Figure 8.5) to reduce heat loss through windows. Double glazing consists of two panes of glass separated by an air gap in which air is trapped. The trapped air is a very poor conductor of heat and so reduces heat loss through the window.
Investigation of modified horizontal wing cut twisted tapes fitted with rod and spacer at trailing edge on heat transfer properties in Double Glazing V-Trough solar water heaters
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
The thermal performance of solar collectors is augmented by using double glazing glasses in the flat plate collectors. Gan (Gan 1998) recommended double glazing which increases the airflow rate by 11–17% and reduces the heat loss by 40%. The double glazing flat plate collectors have improved the water temperature rise of 14% with optimum air gap space of 11 mm (Subiantoro and Ooi 2013). Solomon (Agbo 2011) found that the thermal heat loss is optimal when double glazing glass is used. The use of twisted tapes with twist ratio 3 in V-trough collectors increases the thermal efficiency of about 19.01% when compared to the plain collectors (Saravanan, Senthilkumaar, and Jaisankar 2016a). The V-trough solar water heaters produce maximum thermal efficiency of 79% for the same twist ratio in forced circulation mode (Saravanan et al. 2018). For maximum solar intensity in V-trough solar water heaters, the instantaneous efficiency of V-cut helical twisted tapes are 85%, which is 2.33% and 3.45% higher than the square cut helical and helix twisted tapes, respectively (Saravanan, Senthilkumaar, and Jaisankar 2016b).
Cost-optimal methodology and passive strategies for building energy efficiency: a case-study
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2018
Diana D’Agostino, Luisa Daraio, Concetta Marino, Francesco Minichiello
The reference building is an existing elementary school located in Campobasso, a city of central Italy characterized by a temperate but very rainy climate; moreover, the winter is cold and the summer quite mild. The building (Figure 1) has the main facade oriented towards west. It consists of three parts: the school (B1), the refectory (B2) and the gym (B3). The total area is about 1300 m2 and the gross heated volume is equal to 7,828 m3, with a shape factor of 0.41 m−1. The three blocks are characterized by different ages and construction techniques. The envelope of the original building (B1) has the typical Italian features of the period in which it was built (between 1960 and 1965): a vertical load-bearing masonry structure in tuff blocks, with a thickness of 52 cm. At the end of the nineties, the building was expanded with the others two structures (B2 and B3) in reinforced concrete. The external walls are constituted by a double lining of perforated clay bricks, with a global thickness of 30 cm (the external perforated brick line has a thickness of about 12 cm, while the internal one of about 8 cm). Currently, the external walls have a 4 cm insulating layer of polyurethane. The window frames of the school building are in anodized aluminium with thermal break and double glazing.
Bridging India’s housing gap: lowering costs and CO2 emissions
Published in Building Research & Information, 2019
Alessio Mastrucci, Narasimha D. Rao
Energy-savings measures for the building envelope include different masonry materials, roof technologies, thermal insulation and low-emissivity double-glazing instead of single-glazing. This analysis builds on previous studies where masonry materials and roof technologies with low EE and costs were identified for India (Ramesh, 2012; Ramesh et al., 2012a, 2012b; Srivastava & Kumar, 2018; Tam, 2011), including hollow concrete blocks (HCB), aerated concrete blocks (ACB), fly ash–lime–gypsum blocks (FAB), SEB for masonry, filler slab for roofing. In addition, thermal insulation was included with an optimal thickness of 5 cm for the Indian context (Ramesh et al., 2012b).