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State of the Art in Smart Homes and Buildings
Published in Richard Zurawski, Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, 2017
Wolfgang Kastner, Lukas Krammer, Andreas Fernbach
Large-scale BASs are hierarchically structured and typically follow a three-layer approach as depicted in Figure 55.1. At the lowest level, the so-called field-level, interaction with the process under control takes place (i.e., measuring, metering, switching, positioning). Sensors and actuators are connected to a field communication system, which is interfaced by direct digital control (DDC) stations. A DDC system collects and distributes data from sensors and actuators and controls local applications. For controlling complex applications that are distributed over more than one DDC, they cooperate at automation level. At the top level of this hierarchy, the management level acts as an interface to building management (BM) and enterprise applications. Centralized access to data points, configuration of the system, visualization, archiving and trending of process data are typical activities at this level. Another task of the management level is to provide interoperability between different systems and technologies used at the lower two tiers of the BAS. The overall application is defined as functions over data points. The relevant world standard [3] divides these functions into three categories: input/output, processing, and management.
Overview of Digital Control and Integrated Building Automation Systems in K-12 Schools
Published in Barney L. Capehart, Lynne C. Capehart, Paul J. Allen, David C. Green, Web Based Energy Information and Control Systems:, 2021
The environmental control systems in buildings, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and water heating, account for approximately 85% of the energy consumed in school facilities. The ability to manage these systems and their energy use is critical and is dependent on their control, monitoring and communications systems. This particularly applies to HVAC systems, which can account for 50–60% of the energy consumption within school buildings. Control of individual building systems is typically accomplished through separate control systems, including the use of direct digital control (DDC) systems for HVAC equipment.
A data-driven predictive maintenance model for hospital HVAC system with machine learning
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Raid Al-Aomar, Marah AlTal, Jochen Abel
BMS is a system used to remotely control and monitor the building functionalities and building systems such as the HVAC systems, fire systems, and electrical systems (Kučera & Pitner, 2018). It can assist facility managers, engineers, and operators in controlling, monitoring, and maintaining building systems, which typically results in reducing energy consumption and improving occupant satisfaction (Domingues et al., 2016). BMS functions by connecting a variety of sensors to different system components to collect relevant data and notify decision makers of any need to check the system condition and to respond appropriately (Brambley et al., 2005). According to Kastner et al. (2005), the architecture of the BMS system is organized into three layers: Field layer, which contains sensors, valves, dampers, actuators that send and receive signals from the controller.Control layer (the middle layer), where measurements are processed, this layer contains the controller, also known as the Direct Digital Control (DDC).Management layer, which provides a sufficient data presentation and visualization level to enable operators to determine the system status.