China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Drives and tunnels (conventional methods)
Published in Ratan Raj Tatiya, Surface and Underground Excavations, 2013
Gases of various types are emitted in the mines, as detailed in table 16.1(a); prominent amongst them are: methane CH4 (usually in coal mines), carbon dioxide - CO2, hydrogen sulfide - H2S, sulfur dioxide - SO2, and a number of others. When explosives are used carbon monoxide - CO and oxides of nitrogen - NOx, are formed. While blasting 100 kg of explosive it can yield CO = 10-27m3; CO2 = 1.2-4 m3; oxides of nitrogen = 0.6 to 4.4 m3 and ammonia = 0.03 to 0.3 m3 (Vutukuri and Lama, 1986).28 The diesel exhaust emission emits CO2, SO2, hydrocarbons, CO, particulates and oxides of nitrogen.
Environmental biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Firdos Alam Khan, Firdos Alam Khan
The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution. “Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans die each year from cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution.” A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between pneumonia-related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. The worst short-term civilian pollution crisis in India was the 1984 Bhopal disaster. Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide Factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., United States, killed more than 2,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others, some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the Great Smog of 1952 formed over London. In 6 days, more than 4,000 died and 8,000 more died within the following months. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the United States occurred in Donora, PA, in late 1948, when 20 people died and more than 7,000 were injured. Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major contributor to combustion-derived particulate matter air pollution. In several human experimental studies using a well-validated exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation. This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Table 8.3 shows the impact of pollutants on our environment.
Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels, 2021
Chapter 52 (Fattah et al., 2021) provides an overview of the research on diesel emissions and their mitigation approaches. Diesel exhaust contains components of a complete air and carbon combustion (nitrogen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide), as well as the products of incomplete combustion (i.e. carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and partially oxidized hydrocarbons such as particulates). This chapter begins with the introduction of the diesel combustion process and how those emissions are generated in diesel flames. After that, the criteria emissions are discussed in detail. Finally, some of the prominent exhaust emission reduction approaches and their efficiencies are discussed.
Influence of ternary fuel blends of decanol/neem oil biodiesel/diesel on combustion, emission and performance characteristics of an unmodified diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Vinodkumar Vajravel, Karthikeyan Alagu
The variation of CO emission as a function of BP is depicted in Figure 9. Like HC, it also indicates the fuel’s capability for ample combustion or superiority of combustion. It is the most harmful pollution emitted by diesel exhaust during combustion and has a variety of negative effects on human health, including breathing problems, headaches, and so on (Ramesh et al. 2019, 478–479; Devarajan, Munuswamy, and Mahalingam 2017, 288). The CO emission at maximum load for diesel, B20, B20DB10, B20DB20, and B20DB30 are 0.20%, 0.19%, 0.19%, 0.18%, 0.18% vol, respectively, as shown in the graph. Advanced oxygen content in B20 and ternary fuel blend helps the oxidation process that converts most of CO into CO2 that resulted in lesser CO emission than diesel fuel (Prasanth Kumar et al. 2019; Imdadul et al. 2016, 180–181). However, only a marginal reduction in CO emission is found for ternary fuel blends due to their greater kinematic viscosity that causes poor atomisation of the fuel and this drawback of ternary fuel blend is repressed by higher oxygen content available in it. The declination trend in CO emission is found with the increment of decanol proportion from 10% to 30% since the increase in decanol proportion improves the oxygen capacity in the ternary fuel blend. Among all the examined fuel samples, B20DB30 produced lesser CO emissions. It gave 4.61% and 4.73% lesser CO than diesel and B20, respectively. The same pattern was found while using pentanol, which acts as an oxygen barrier and discharges oxygen during the combustion process (Yesilyurt, Yilbasi, and Aydin 2020).
Real-time diesel particulate matter monitoring in underground mines: evolution and applications
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2021
Muhammad Usman Khan, Kelly O. Homan, Saqib A. Saki, Muhammad Zaka Emad, Muhammad Azeem Raza
Exposure to diesel exhaust is harmful for humans. Health concerns related to DPM appeared in the late 1970s to early 1980s [4–7]. Acute and continuous exposure to diesel exhaust concentrations can cause several chronic health issues like respiratory diseases, lung cancer, reduced lung capacity, pneumonia and heart disease [8–10]. DPM is reported as a major cause of large number of occupational diseases. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) regards diesel exhaust as a potential carcinogen and states that reduction in workplace DPM exposure reduces cancer risks [8]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has declared that ‘diesel engine exhaust is carcinogenic to humans’ [11].
Numerical simulation of DPF thermal regeneration process based on an improved dynamic model
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Bingxia Liu, Ping Sun, Suresh Aggarwal, Shaojun Liu, Junheng Liu
Facing the increasingly serious environmental problems, the environmental protection bureaus in various countries have issued increasingly strict emission standards for automobiles. Among them, soot emission limits of diesel vehicles are continuously becoming stricter. Simply improving the fuel injection system can no longer meet more stringent emission standards and regulations, and the after-treatment technology has gradually become the focus. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) can effectively reduce soot in diesel exhaust (Lao et al. 2019; Rossomando et al. 2018, 2019). The values of various parameters and other operating conditions are provided in Table 1.