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Iron
Published in Robert Routledge, Discoveries and Inventions of the Ninteenth Century, 2018
Deferring for the moment any description of the latest blast furnaces, we invite his attention to Fig. 17, which represents the furnace used in the first half of our century, but which now is of an obsolete type, Fig. 18 being the section and plan of the same. The lower part of Fig. 17 shows where the molten metal has been allowed to run out of the furnace into channels made in dry sand; first a main stream, then branches to right and left, each of these with smaller offsets on each side of it. These smaller channels are the moulds for the pigs, so called because of the fancied resemblance of their position with regard to the branch that supplied them, to the litter of a sow. They are easily broken off from the larger mass, and then form pieces about 3 ft. long with a -shaped section, 4 in. wide, the weight being from 60 to 80 lbs. This is iron of the crudest kind, and though it is often referred to as “cast iron,” it is, as a matter of fact, not used in this state for any castings, except those of the very roughest and largest kind: a certain amount of purification is requisite in most cases. This is given by fusing the metal—along with some form of oxide and often other matters—in a cupola furnace, which is like a small blast furnace, being from 8 ft. to 20 ft. high and uses coke for fuel with a cold blast.
Metals I: Metals Preparation and Manufacturing
Published in Ronald Scott, of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Melting metals may be done in a variety of furnaces. Arc furnaces generate an electric arc between the metal and carbon electrodes. Induction furnaces surround the metal charge with copper coils and induce a charge in the metals, causing the metals to heat. Cupola furnaces use coke as fuel in a layout much like a blast furnace. Crucible furnaces place the metal container in a refractory-lined chamber and direct a flame at it.
Metal Industries
Published in Charles E. Baukal, Industrial Combustion Pollution and Control, 2003
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established emission guidelines for secondary brass and bronze production plants [75]. The major sources of emissions from secondary copper processes are from the furnaces [76]. Common pollutants from secondary copper processes include particulates, NO*, YOCs, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. Cupola furnaces are usually the largest sources of emissions and particulates are usually the pollutant of most concern. The particulates may contain zinc, lead, tin, copper, chlorine, or sulfur [17]. Baghouses (see Chap. 9) are commonly used to control particulate emissions. SO* emissions are not typically a problem because the fuels and scrap used generally contain little sulfur. However, some of the incoming raw materials, such as chalcocite (Cu2S), bornite (Cu5FeS4), tetrahedrite (Cu5Sb2S7), or chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), may include sulfur.
Geochemical Modifications in a Calcic Cambisol by the Impact of an Old Foundry (Coimbra, Central Portugal)
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2018
M. Margarida L. C. G. Porto Gouveia, M. Manuela Vinha G. Silva, Paula C. S. Carvalho
Foundries were highlighted by the Department of Environment as potentially contaminative land use (McBarron et al., 2004). Metal foundries produce molten metal by melting scrap iron, pig iron, scrap steel and alloy metals in a coke-fired cupola furnace. Molten metal is then cast into molds, with sand molded casting being the most common method. The molding sands are produced by the addition of bentonite clay or organic resins, which act as binding agents. Sand molding consists of forming a cavity with the desired shape in sand, filling the cavity with molten metal, allowing it to cool and solidify, and then releasing the cast by breaking away the sand (Ribeiro, 1989).