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Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Don M. Pirro, Martin Webster, Ekkehard Daschner, Lubrication Fundamentals, 2017
Don M. Pirro, Martin Webster, Ekkehard Daschner
Most small two-cycle gasoline engines, such as those used for marine outboard and utility purposes, are arranged for crankcase scavenging. To control the amount of oil carried into the cylinders with the charge, these engines are designed for dry sump operation. A small proportion of oil is premixed with the fuel, or injected, so the charge consists of a mixture of air, fuel, and oil. Some of the oil condenses on the crankcase surfaces where it provides lubrication of the main, crankpin, and wrist pin bearings. Also, some of it is carried into the combustion chambers where it is burned with the fuel. Incomplete combustion of this oil, or the use of the wrong type of oil, can cause spark plug fouling and combustion chamber and port deposit buildup.
The reciprocating piston petrol engine
Published in M.J. Nunney, Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology, 2007
The proportions of petrol engine crankshafts are usually such that the crankpin has a diameter of at least 0.60 of the cylinder bore dimension and a length of not less than 0.30 of the pin diameter. Web thickness of the crankthrow is generally in the region of 0.20 of the cylinder bore dimension. The main bearing journal is made larger than that of the crankpin, with a diameter of up to 0.75 of the cylinder bore dimension and a length of about 0.50 of the journal diameter.
Vehicular Engines
Published in G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude, Automotive Systems, 2021
G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude
The bottom of the crankcase contains an oil pan or a sump from which the lubricating oil is applied to different engine components. Upon lubrication, the oil flows back to the sump due to gravity. There are three types of wet sump lubrication systems: Splash system: This lubrication system stores lubricating oil in an oil sump. In the lower part of the connecting rod, a scoop or dipper is made. When the engine is working, the dipper dips in the oil at any turn of the crank shaft, and the oil is splashed on the cylinder wall. Due to the action of the engine walls and the piston ring, the crank shaft bearings are lubricated. It is used for light-duty engines (Figure 3.11). Splash and pressure system: Lubricating oil is supplied under pressure to the primary camshaft bearings and pipes which guide the oil stream against the dippers on the large end of the connecting rod bearing cup and, thus, the crankpin bearings are lubricated by splashing or spraying the oil from the dipper.Pressure feed system: In this lubrication system, the engine parts are lubricated under pressure feed. Lubricating oil is stored in a separate tank (in the case of a dry sump system) or in a sump (in the case of a wet sump system) from which an oil pump (gear pump) delivers oil to the main oil gallery at a pressure of 2–4 kg/cm2 through an oil filter. The oil from the main gallery goes to the main bearing, where some of it falls back to the sump after lubricating the main bearing, and some of it is splashed to lubricate the walls of the cylinder and the remaining goes through the hole to the crank pin. Due to the crank pin provided, the lubricating oil goes to the piston pin through a hole in the connecting rod, where the piston rings are lubricated. For the lubrication of the camshaft and the gears, the oil is transferred into a separate oil line from the oil gallery. The oil pressure gauge used in the machine shows the oil pressure in the machine. The oil filter and strainer in the device separate the oil from dust, metal particles and other harmful particles (Figure 3.12).
Dry sliding wear behaviour of steel (AISI 1078) after coating with steam treatment and manganese phosphating
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2021
Siddhant Kaushik, Ranvir Singh Panwar
Wear and friction are appraised to be the most significant factors while considering the performance of the mechanical components, e.g. connecting rod, bearings and piston cylinder liner assembly systems [1–3]. In different parts of appliances like combustion engine, compressor, etc., the connecting rod, endangered to tensile or compressive stresses, transmits the movement to other parts of the machine. The connecting rod is a crucial running gear of reciprocating air compressor in the household refrigerator. This connection rod connects the crank pin to the piston, where the connecting rod supports the rotary motion of the crankshaft to convert into a reciprocating motion of the piston. Figure 1 shows the geometry of the compressor [4] and a 3D view of the connecting rod along with its dimensions. To improve the performance of the component, higher wear resistance is necessary for different operating conditions. Several different surface treatments may be used to enhance the tribo-mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the surfaces of the machine components. Among the different available surface treatments, such as steam treatment [5], manganese phosphating [6] is being used in industrial set-ups to enhance the wear and corrosion resistance of sintered iron compacts [7] vastly. Good adhesion, improved wear resistance, high corrosion resistance and low manufacturing costs [8–11] make phosphate coatings a better choice for the surface treatment of steel.