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Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The sketch of a representative reciprocating IC engine including the terms standard for such engines is given in Figure 13.1. The engine consists of piston that undergoes a reciprocating motion within the engine cylinder. The position of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder when the volume inside is maximum is known as the bottom dead center (BDC). The position of the piston at the top of the cylinder when the volume inside is minimum is called the top dead center (TDC). This cylinder minimum volume when the piston is at the TDC is known as the clearance volume. A crank mechanism converts the linear motion of the piston into rotary motion and delivers the power to the crankshaft. The volume swept by the piston as it moved from the TDC to the BDC is known as the displacement volume, which is a parameter commonly used to specify the size of an engine. The compression ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume at BDC to the volume at TDC.
Extraterrestrial Drilling and Excavation
Published in Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Kris Zacny, Advances in Extraterrestrial Drilling, 2020
Kris Zacny, Gale Paulsen, Phil Chu, Boleslaw Mellerowicz, Stephen Indyk, Justin Spring, Alex Wang, Grayson Adams, Leslie Alarid, Colin Andrew, Jameil Bailey, Ron Bergman, Dean Bergman, Jocelyn Bergman, Phil Beard, Andrew Bocklund, Natasha Bouey, Ben Bradley, Michael Buchbinder, Kathryn Bywaters, Lee Carlson, Conner Castle, Mark Chapman, Colin Chen, Paul Chow, Evan Cloninger, Patrick Corrigan, Tighe Costa, Paul Creekmore, Kiel Davis, Stella Dearing, Jack Emery, Zak Fitzgerald, Steve Ford, Sam Goldman, Barry Goldstein, Stephen Gorevan, Amelia Grossman, Ashley Hames, Nathan Heidt, Ron Hayes, Matt Heltsley, Jason Herman, Joe Hernandez, Greg Hix, Will Hovik, Robert Huddleston, Kevin Humphrey, Anchal Jain, Nathan Jensen, Marnie Johnson, Helen Jung, Robert Kancans, Cecily Keim, Sarineh Keshish, Michael Killian, Caitlin King, Isabel King, Daniel Kim, Emily Kolenbrander, Sherman Lam, Andrea Lamore, Caleb Lang, Joseph Lee, Carolyn Lee, John Lorbiecki, Kathryn Luczek, Jacob Madden, Jessica Maddin, Tibor Makai, Mike Maksymuk, Zach Mank, Richard Margulieux, Sara Martinez, Yuka Matsuyama, Andrew Maurer, Molly McCormick, Jerry Moreland, Phil Morrison, Erik Mumm, Adoni Netter, Jeff Neumeister, Tim Newbold, Joey Niehay, Phil Ng, Peter Ngo, Huey Nguyen, Tom O’Bannon, Sean O’Brien, Joey Palmowski, Aayush Parekh, Andrew Peekema, Fredrik Rehnmark, Hunter Rideout, Albert Ridilla, Alexandra Rzepiejewska, Dara Sabahi, Yoni Saltzman, Luke Sanasarian, Vishnu Sanigepalli, Emily Seto, Jeff Shasho, Sase Singh, David Smyth, Nancy Sohm, Jesus Sosa, Joey Sparta, Leo Stolov, Marta Stone, Andrew Tallaksen, Miranda Tanouye, Lisa Thomas, Thomas Thomas, Luke Thompson, Mary Tirrell, Nick Traeden, Ethan Tram, Sarah Tye, Crystal Ulloa, Dylan Van-Dyne, Robert Van Ness, Vincent Vendiola, Brian Vogel, Lillian Ware, Bobby Wei, Hunter Williams, Jack Wilson, Brian Yaggi, Bernice Yen, Sean Yoon, Ben Younes, David Yu, Michael Yu, Mike Zasadzien, Raymond Zheng, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Mircea Badescu, Xiaoqi Bao, Tom Cwik, Jean-Pierre Fleurial, Jeffery Hall, Kevin Hand, Ben Hockman, Samuel M. Howell, Troy Lee Hudson, Shannon Jackson, Hyeong Jae Lee, Michael Malaska, Brandon Metz, Scott Moreland, Avi Okon, Tyler Okamoto, Dario Riccobono, Kris Sherrill, Stewart Sherrit, Miles Smith, Jurgen Mueller, Wayne Zimmerman, Michael Amato, Melissa Trainer, Don Wegel, Andrej Grubisic, Walter F. Smith, Ralph Lorenz, Elizabeth Turtle, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroki Kato, Yasutaka Satou, Takashi Kubota, Masaki Fujimoto, Pietro Baglioni, Stephen Durrant, Richard Fisackerly, Roland Trautner, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Karol Seweryn, Akihiro Fujiwara, Taro Nakamura, Matthias Grott, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Bartosz Kędziora, Łukasz Wiśniewski, Tomasz Kuciński, Gordon Wasilewski, Seiichi Nagihara, Rohit Bhartia, Hiroyuki Kawamoto, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney, Andrea Rusconi, Christian Panza, Marco Peruzzotti, Pablo Sobron, Ryan Timoney, Kevin Worrall, Patrick Harkness, Naohiro Uyama, Hiroshi Kanamori, Shigeru Aoki, Dale Winebrenner, Yasuyuki Yamada, Tilman Spohn, Christian Krause, Torben Wippermann, Roy Lichtenheldt
The driving element in this solution is a DC motor controlled by a digital control unit and supplied with energy by the lander’s batteries supported by an additional capacitor filtering power consumption peaks that occur during single stroke mode. The control unit is responsible for powering the motor at defined voltage. A crank mechanism is used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. Additionally, a spring is placed between the crank-mechanism and the hammer head, which serves to accumulate the mechanical energy which is then transferred during strokes to the drilling and sampling tool, but also to protect the motor and the crank mechanism from jolts during strikes. Figure 1.188 presents a preliminary version of the hammering device driven by a DC motor, with the key subassemblies identified.
Shaft Engines
Published in Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines, 2017
Figure 6.9 is a sketch of a reciprocating internal combustion engine consisting of a piston that moves within a cylinder fitted with two valves. The sketch is labeled with some special terms. The bore of the cylinder is its diameter. The stroke is the distance the piston moves in one direction. The piston is said to be at top dead center (TDC) when it has moved to a position where the cylinder volume is at the minimum [3]. This minimum volume is known as the clearance volume. When the piston has moved to the position of maximum cylinder volume, the piston is at bottom dead center (BDC). The distance between the TDC and the BDC is the largest distance that the piston can travel in one direction, and it is called the stroke of the engine. The volume swept out by the piston as it moves from the top dead center to the bottom dead center position is called the displacement volume. The reciprocating motion of the piston is converted to rotary motion by a crank mechanism.
Dry sliding wear behaviour of steel (AISI 1078) after coating with steam treatment and manganese phosphating
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2021
Siddhant Kaushik, Ranvir Singh Panwar
Wear and friction are appraised to be the most significant factors while considering the performance of the mechanical components, e.g. connecting rod, bearings and piston cylinder liner assembly systems [1–3]. In different parts of appliances like combustion engine, compressor, etc., the connecting rod, endangered to tensile or compressive stresses, transmits the movement to other parts of the machine. The connecting rod is a crucial running gear of reciprocating air compressor in the household refrigerator. This connection rod connects the crank pin to the piston, where the connecting rod supports the rotary motion of the crankshaft to convert into a reciprocating motion of the piston. Figure 1 shows the geometry of the compressor [4] and a 3D view of the connecting rod along with its dimensions. To improve the performance of the component, higher wear resistance is necessary for different operating conditions. Several different surface treatments may be used to enhance the tribo-mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the surfaces of the machine components. Among the different available surface treatments, such as steam treatment [5], manganese phosphating [6] is being used in industrial set-ups to enhance the wear and corrosion resistance of sintered iron compacts [7] vastly. Good adhesion, improved wear resistance, high corrosion resistance and low manufacturing costs [8–11] make phosphate coatings a better choice for the surface treatment of steel.