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Water, Water Vapors, and Humidity
Published in Ghenadii Korotcenkov, Handbook of Humidity Measurement, 2018
In some cases, for the humidity characterization it is being used the heat index (HI), which indicates how the human body feels temperature. Therefore the result is also known as the felt air temperature or apparent temperature. For example, when the temperature is 32°C with 70% RH, the HI is 41°C. If RH is low, human body cools itself by perspiration, dissipating heat from the body. At higher RH, the evaporation rate from the human skin is lower. In that case, the body cannot dissipate heat as easily as it is the case in dry air. The HI is based on subjective measurements and is only meaningful above 25°C and 40% RH. The most popular definition of the HI is the one of the National Weather Service and Weather Forecast Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The HI in °C is given by the Equation 1.5 with the coefficients listed in Table 1.7.
Updated assessment of occupational safety and health hazards of climate change
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2023
P. A. Schulte, B. L. Jacklitsch, A. Bhattacharya, H. Chun, N. Edwards, K. C. Elliott, M. A. Flynn, R. Guerin, L. Hodson, J. M. Lincoln, K. L. MacMahon, S. Pendergrass, J. Siven, J. Vietas
One of the most commonly identified and discussed effects of climate change is increasing ambient temperatures and the resulting additional heat burden placed on populations. Heat stress has long been a major concern for many worker populations, both outdoors and indoors (Kjellstrom et al. 2009; Schulte and Chun 2009; Arbury et al. 2014; Applebaum et al. 2016; Constible et al. 2020; Park et al. 2021). In the United States, outdoor workers are expected to experience a three- to four-fold increase in the number of days with a heat index of above 100 °F (38 °C) by the mid-2000s (Dahl et al. 2019a; Dahl et al. 2019b). The heat index is an indicator of heat discomfort and is also known as apparent temperature, which considers temperature and humidity interactions and the associated perceived equivalent (apparent) temperature. It feels hotter than its reported temperature on a thermometer when ambient humidity is high because increasing levels of humidity decrease the water vapor partial pressure gradient between the skin and air, restricting the evaporative process of sweat. Higher humidities and ambient temperatures that exceed the temperature of the skin (approximately 95 °F (35 °C)) result in a net heat gain because sweat does not readily evaporate, interfering with the body’s ability for cooling via evaporation of sweat (Larrañaga and Wang 2012).
The level of delay caused by crashes (LDC) in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas: a comparative analysis of improved Random Forests and LightGBM
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Zehao Wang, Pengpeng Jiao, Jianyu Wang, Qiong Huang, Rujian Li, Huapu Lu
Certain features, which are either irrelevant or contain too many missing values, were removed in advance. Five categories of contributing factors including time factor, environmental factor, road factor, traffic control equipment and poi were extracted from the database. Table 2 provides detailed information on the 27 attributes. Some of these features were constructed form the original attributes, such as Week, Holiday, Peak_hours, Season, Apparent Temperature, Rain_snow and Highway. In these factors, apparent temperature refers to the temperature felt by the human body and calculated by Formulas 1 and 2 [43]. Pressure refers to the air pressure and humidity refers to the relative humidity. Wind_chill is used to characterise the relationship between body heat loss and wind speed and temperature. The side shows the relative side of the street (Right/Left). Junction refers to any highway ramp, exit or entrance. Crossing are roads for pedestrians or riders. Highway refers to roads with higher speed limit levels including interstate highways, state highways, etc. Roundabout is a type of intersection. Traffic calming and bump refers to a device that reduces the speed of the vehicle. Amenity refers to particular places such as restaurant, library, college, bar, etc. where denotes apparent temperature (°C), denotes temperature (°C), denotes water vapour pressure (hPa), denotes wind speed (m/sec) and denotes relative humidity (%).