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Geophysical Fluid Flows
Published in K.T. Chau, Applications of Differential Equations in Engineering and Mechanics, 2019
Example 8.2 Consider the storm surge induced by the super typhoon Hato at Hong Kong which made a landfall on August 23, 2017 in Zhuhai City next to Macau. The maximum wind speed measured is up to 67 m/s or 240 km/h (gust). Hato moved at about 20 km/h with a ten-minute wind speed average up to 175 km/h and a central depression of pressure of 950 mb. Assume that the wind fetch is about the width of the continental shelf in the South China Sea or about 172.5 km. The average wind speed in the continental shelf of 10 m can be taken as 110 km/h or 30 m/s. The average depth of the continental shelf is 60 m whereas the average water depth in the Victoria Harbour is about 10 m. Density of air can be taken as 1.2 kg/m3.
Air Pollution Meteorology and Air Pollutant Concentration Models
Published in Jeff Kuo, Air Pollution Control Engineering for Environmental Engineers, 2018
Wind is a vector; it has speed and direction. Wind speeds are measured by anemometers. The wind directions are measured by wind vanes. Since the vertical component of wind is small, only horizontal component of wind is considered. Wind direction is the direction where it comes from. Due to the horizontal motion of the wind, a continuous pollutant release is being diluted at its release point. Consequently, pollutant concentration in the plume are inversely proportional to the wind speed. In other words, the stronger the wind, the more dilution would be.
Wind
Published in Dorothy Gerring, Renewable Energy Systems for Building Designers, 2023
Wind turbines generate electricity because the wind speed can cause the turbine blades to rotate, similar to the lift on an airplane wing that raises the plane into the air. For reliable electricity production the turbine needs to be located where there is a regular wind resource of at least 10–12mph (4.47–5.36m/s). Greater wind speeds have the ability to produce more energy. Turbines need to be located above and away from turbulence caused by obstacles such as trees and buildings.
Dynamic Economic Dispatch Problem in Hybrid Wind Based Power Systems Using Quasi Oppositional Based Chaotic Honey Badger Algorithm
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Barun Mandal, Provas Kumar Roy
Since the DED study is an interesting operative task in present electrical energy generation, the recommended hybrid technique is tested to explain the DED issue. The DED is the utmost significant minimization difficulty in the area of power generation process and apparatus switching for fulfilling the cost-effective and common features. As formerly explained, the DED problem comprises of optimizing the programing of a numeral of electrical alternators during a span of period to minimize expenses while satisfying equality and inequality constraints. Alternative renewable source of electrical power that is generated extensively on globe is the wind energy or wind power. A wind turbine transforms kinetic energy from wind speed into mechanical energy, this energy then transformed to produce electricity. As wind velocity is a fully associated to the type of weather, the produced power oscillates within a wide range and therefore the link to a grid otherwise a standby scheme is necessary to supply the necessary power. Carbon pricing here is additional definite policy which could encouragement renewable power implementation. The objective of cost-effective dispatch arrangement for power plants comprising wind energy system is to cut the charge of producing power by means of a traditional power makers company. Optimization of DED problem is depending based on the following inequality constraints and equality constraints:
Assessment of wind energy potential: a case study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Abdullah Düzcan, Yusuf Ali Kara
The wind speed and direction data are gathered from TSMS for the year 2016 at the 10 m elevation. The altitude and elevation of both MM and seven turbines are illustrated Table 1. The altitude of the MM is 78 m. The raw data measured by MM at 10 m is given in Table 2. The wind speeds at hub height of turbine location are given in Tables 2 and Table 3. Data in Table 2 is generated by using power-law whereas data in Table 3 is extracted from Windsim. Generating Table 2, roughness data for the power-law method is taken from Windsim for precise comparison of power-law and Windsim. Monthly average wind speed at the measurement site ranges from 2.71 m/s to 5.47 m/s at 10 m. Annual average wind speed is 4.28 m/s at the measurement site at 10 m. As shown in Table 2, wind speed is transferred from meteorological station at 10 m to the turbine location at 105 m by applying power-law. Monthly average wind speed ranges from 3.59 to 7.44 m/s and annual average wind speed is 5.88 m/s. For the CFD analysis, wind speed and direction data are transferred to each turbine location and, monthly and annually average wind speed is also shown in Table 3. For the same location at 105 m elevation, CFD results indicate that monthly average wind speed changes from 4.98 m/s to 11.97 m/s in turbine locations and annual average wind speed is 8.79 m/s.
Risk assessment of nitrate transport through subsurface layers and groundwater using experimental and modeling approach
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Tamer M. Alslaibi, Ziyad Abunada, Salem S. Abu Amr, Ismail Abustan
The Gaza Strip is situated on the southwest of Palestine, bordered by Egypt in the south, Negev Desert in the east, and the Green Line in the north. Three controlled landfills were constructed in the Gaza Strip. This study covers Gaza landfill located in the eastern direction of the Gaza Strip, about 500 m from the Green Line as plotted in Figure 3. This landfill does not have lining systems. The total area of Gaza Governorates is 365 km2, 40 km long, and approximately 7 km wide. The estimated population of the area is around 1.5 million, indicating that the area is highly populated due to high fertility rate. The Gaza Strip area is classified as a semiarid region where the average annual rainfall is about 13.83 in/yr (351.4 mm/yr) [24]. The highest mean annual temperature is 30.85°C, whereas the lowest is 14.16°C. The average annual wind speed is about 10.92 km/hr [25]. The Gaza landfill has an area of 20 hectares. The nearest residential area is about 4 km from the landfills. The Gaza landfill receives about 450,000 tons of solid wastes yearly, and over 60% of the total wastes are food waste [13].