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Bicycle Transportation
Published in Dušan Teodorović, The Routledge Handbook of Transportation, 2015
Christopher M. Monsere, Nick Foster, Todd Borkowitz, Sirisha Kothuri, Robert L. Bertini
Bicycling speed is a design input for signal timing, stopping sight distance, and horizontal curve radius for shared-use paths. In general, the upright bicyclist on level terrain will have a speed between 8 and 15 miles per hour, with 10 mph being a common assumed value. A bicyclist traveling downhill may be able to maintain a speed comparable to motor vehicles (30 mph) and not require as much maneuverability space as a bicyclist traveling uphill and at a slower speed. Particularly in scenarios with limited right-of-way, an engineer may consider installing wider and more protected facilities for uphill bicyclists than for ones traveling downhill. Bicyclists traveling at higher speeds also require greater stopping distance. Electric bicycles (as defined by the Consumer Product Safety Commission) are gaining popularity and allow for higher speeds (up to 20 mph) but limited data exist on in-street performance to date.
Equations of motion
Published in Mohammad H. Sadraey, Aircraft Performance, 2017
In terms of speed, one knot is equal to one nautical mile per hour. For cars and trains, statute mile is used in the United States, since statute mile is different from nautical mile. Relationships between various units of speed are as follows: Knot=Nautical mileHour
Air pollution modelling
Published in Abhishek Tiwary, Ian Williams, Air Pollution, 2018
Wind speed is measured in m s−1 or knots (one knot is one nautical mile per hour; one nautical mile is 6080 ft, or 1.15 statute miles). Although the use of SI units is encouraged in all scientific work, some professions have stuck with earlier systems. Thus mariners, pilots and meteorologists are all comfortable with knots. Mariners also use the Beaufort Scale, which relates wind speed to its effects on the sea.
Low-Noise pavement technologies and evaluation techniques: a literature review
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Peter Mikhailenko, Zhengyin Piao, Muhammad Rafiq Kakar, Moises Bueno, Sahand Athari, Reto Pieren, Kurt Heutschi, Lily Poulikakos
The On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) method (Figure 5), initially developed by research led by Donavan at General Motors, is a near-field technique that measures tire/road noise in close proximity to the source (Donavan and Rymer 2003, Rasmussen and Sohaney 2012). Unlike the CPX method discussed above, instead of calculating the levels via measuring sound pressure by independent microphones, the OBSI measures tire/road noise using a phase-matched pair of microphones that are located in such a manner to isolate sound generated near the tire/road contact patch. The standard vehicle speed is 60 mph (96 km/h). The microphones are specifically tuned so that the tire/road interface can be focused on, and the background noise from other sources is limited (Wang et al.2011).
Examining Public Transportation in Healthy Food Access Research
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2022
Kassandra R. Leuthart, Laxmi Prasanna R. Palde, Angela M. Babb, Brian P. Healey, Daniel C. Knudsen
In order to establish and standardize the measurements for all four modes of transportation an average travel speed was calculated for each. We utilized 3.1 mph (5.0 kph) as the standard walking speed.43,44 For bicycling, research suggested an average of 9.6 mph or 15.5 kph.45 For driving we used the city speed limit – 30 mph (48.3 kph), which is also the average of the varying speed limit restrictions on the main roadways within Bloomington.