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State-of-the-Art Technologies in Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Yee Ho Chai, Guo Yong Yew, Suzana Yusup, Pau Loke Show
The extraction of alcohols from alcohol and water mixtures by supercritical CO2, butane and propane was carried out by Brignole and Fredenslund (1987) with the latter two solvents associated with ethanol preferentially compared to CO2. A promising result was obtained by De Lucas et al. (2007) in their pilot plant study for the recovery of long-chain alcohols from sugarcane wax by supercritical CO2. Simultaneous recovery of aromatic compounds and removal of ethanol was applied in a two-step separation process of rose wine in the presence of supercritical CO2 by Ruiz-Rodríguez et al. as well (Ruiz-rodríguez et al. 2012). Similarly, Silva et al. (2017) had successfully reduced the ethanol content in red wine by membrane-based supercritical fluid extraction technique.
Pressmud: a sustainable source of value-added products
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2022
Vikram Poria, Prakriti Jhilta, Anuj Rana, Jaswant Khokhar, Surender Singh
Sugarcane wax, a whitish to dark yellowish substance covering the surface of the cane, is one of the important components of pressmud [63]. Sugarcane wax in pressmud deteriorates the physical properties of soil and must be removed before soil application. Different extractions techniques are used to extract sugarcane wax such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasonic-assisted supercritical CO2 extraction (USC-CO2), relatively time- and solvent-consuming Soxhlet method, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Skolpap and Owat [64] successfully extracted sugarcane wax by combining pinch analysis to reduce the capital and utility cost with SFE for the development of commercial-scale sugarcane wax extraction and purification plant by accelerated ethanol extraction technique. There is a lack of knowledge of the use of solvent in the wax extraction from pressmud but for the first time, Hernández and Díaz [65] determined Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of refined sugarcane wax using Hansen’s solubility theory to recommend more efficient solvents and reported toluene to be a solvent of greater affinity among toluene, hexane, heptane, and benzene. Chonde et al. [66] reported that the yield of crude wax extracted using toluene and benzene solvents was 5.40–5.60%, and 6.9–7.4%, respectively; however, the acid value, saponification value, and iodine value were 4.99–5.95, 202.6–263.8, and 22.64–29.27 mg/g, respectively. This study reflects that benzene is a better solvent for wax extraction than toluene and the wax extracted using benzene was of high quality as indicated by the physico-chemical properties (acid value, saponification value, and iodine value). So, there are conflicting reports on the best solvent for wax extraction which needs further research. Sugarcane wax consists of many compounds for example sec-butyl isothiocyanates, alkane heneicosane, and fatty acids which are used in medicinal and industrial applications. The wax component is also used in cosmetics, paper coating, textiles, fruit & vegetable coating, leather sizing, lubricants, adhesives, polishes, and pharmaceuticals [67]. Wax can also be used as food preservative in the form of edible coating for fruits and vegetables [68]. Patil et al. [69] used pressmud wax for the formulation of sugarcane wax-based lipstick. Wax has several applications but its extraction process has not been properly optimised and there is a lack of research in this area.