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Care labelling
Published in Rajkishore Nayak, Saminathan Ratnapandian, Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing, 2018
Rajkishore Nayak, Saminathan Ratnapandian
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the United States promulgated a trade rule on care labelling of wearing textiles and certain piece goods in 1972 [275]. The rule requires that apparel items should have a permanent care label that provides information about their regular care instructions. The purpose of the rule is to give the consumer accurate care information to extend the useful life of the garments [276]. In addition to the apparel products, the other textile products should also contain information on care labelling. The list of items that use care labels includes clothing, household textiles, piece goods and yarns made from textiles, furnishings, upholstered furniture, bedding, mattresses, bed bases, plastics and plastic-coated fabrics, suede skins, hides, grain leathers and/or furs and custom-made garments (e.g., wedding dresses, suits). However, some of the items do not need care instructions to ensure that the product is not damaged during cleaning and maintenance. The list of items excluded from care labelling includes second-hand goods, footwear, jute products, drapery, haberdashery, some types of furnishings, medical and surgical goods, canvas goods and miscellaneous items such as cords, toys, umbrellas and shoelaces.
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
Methyl chloroform is a versitile, all purpose solvent, popular with industry because of its powerful cleaning properties, low flammability, and low relative toxicity. It was introduced in the mid 1950s as a cold cleaning solvent substitute for carbon tetrachloride. Today, methyl chloroform is used primarily for vapor degreasing and cold cleaning of fabricated metal parts and other materials. The chemical also is used in fluoropolymer synthesis, as a solvent in adhesive and aerosol formulations, for the production of certain coatings and inks, for a variety of textile applications, and for dry cleaning leather and suede garments. Methyl chloroform is a member of a family of saturated aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons. The colorless, volatile liquid is produced in the United States by Dow Chemical U.S.A., PPG Industries,
Leather-like materials by cellular agriculture
Published in Textile Progress, 2023
Dana Wilson, Olga Tsigkou, Lucy Bosworth, Celina Jones
Animal skin is defined by a multiple layer composition (Figure 3) (Sharphouse, 1995c). The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin, exposed to the surrounding environment. This layer contains protective, dead, keratinous cells that are removed during leather processing to attain a uniform surface (Covington, 2011b). Below the epidermis is the dermis. Only the dermal layers of skin are applicable to the final composition of leather. The upper grain layer has a dense network of fine collagen fibres with a high angle of weave relative to the skin surface. Whilst most of the skin is composed of Type I collagen, the grain layer also contains Type III (Covington, 2011c). Type III collagen fibres are finer and weaker, but provide flexibility, as well as the distinctive surface texture of leather. The most expensive, premium leathers are full-grain grade (Figure 3) (Dalgado, 2019). Only high-quality hides are used for full-grain leathers, as any imperfections on the outer surface (e.g. scarring, blemishing) remain visible (Walker, Webster, Bugby, & Alexander, 1990; Yeh & Perng, 2001). Generally, the highest quality part of a hide is the back, where less superficial damage is likely to occur when an animal is alive (Tucker, 2017). Surface area and thickness of sufficiently high-quality leather for commercial use is limited by animal skin size. Additionally, there is wide scope for variation in hide quality, due to factors such as climate, animal age and upbringing (Abebayehu & Kibrom, 2010; Hadley, Garnsworthy, Yanek, & Shelly, 2005). Full-grain leather is hence reserved for applications where thick leather with exceptional durability is vital, such as saddlebacks (Tucker, 2017). Top-grain leather has the hide’s outer surface removed, so imperfections are no longer visible in the final material. Top-grain leather is generally used for high-end fashion goods. Elastin fibres within the grain enable live skin to stretch. Top-grain leather has the hide’s outer surface removed, so imperfections are no longer visible in the final material (Covington, 2011b). The lower corium of the dermis comprises of less-densely woven, but thicker collagen fibres, with a smaller angle of weave (Haines & Barlow, 1975). As well as collagen, the overlapping region between the grain and corium in live skin contains hair follicles, blood vessels and sweat glands (Figure 3). A veiny surface texture is avoided in traditional leather manufacture by bleeding animals thoroughly after slaughter (Covington, 2011b). Native skin contains functioning cells (e.g. fibroblasts, endothelial) throughout the layers (Tancous, 1969). Beneath the dermis lies fatty flesh tissue that is, like the cellular components, removed before leather manufacture. Split leather is comprised of the loosely woven, internal corium layer of skin, so these leathers are cheaper and suppler (Figure 3). Suede is a form of split leather that is abraded on the corium flesh side to give a soft nap. Bonded leather is the lowest quality material, often used in cheap furniture, that is composed of hide offcuts bound with polyurethane (Tucker, 2017).