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Finishing
Published in Michael Hann, Textile Design, 2020
An important machine in most industrial-level dyeing and finishing environments is the stenter (or tenter, the name given commonly to a similar machine used in the drying of wool cloth), a machine which holds the cloth in open-width format on a series of pins through each selvedge. The stenter is of value in the fixing of finishing agents, in heat setting, curing and in the application of a form of mechanical finishing known as stenter finishing; further details were given by Roy Choudhury (2017: 16–18).
Investigations on energy assessment, conservation potential, and recovery opportunities for stenter machines based on the field trial
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Nikunjkumar Patel, Munjal Parikh, Surajit Basu, Mukund Bade
The stenter machines are used mainly for the drying and heat setting process. The construction and working of the stenter machine with important components is explained by Patel et al. (2021). In the stenter machine, initially, the water content in the fabric is partially removed by a mechanical dewatering process, mainly mengaling. Then the remaining moisture is removed by the thermal drying in which hot air through the series of nozzles is impinged on both the upper and lower sides of the fabric to vaporize the water, as presented in Figure 1.
Energy model-based benchmarking of the drying process in the stenter machine
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Nikunjkumar G. Patel, Dadasaheb J. Shendage, Munjal G. Parikh, Surajit K. Basu, Mukund H. Bade
In the textile industry, the stenter machine performs wide-ranging functions like continuous drying, sizing, desizing and curing the colors of fabrics. It is typically a very long enclosed channel, divided into a number of chambers, each having a set of components for removing the moisture content in fabric by evaporation as shown in Figure 1.[36] These chambers are not separated from one another by physical boundaries but are internally continuous. In each chamber (see Figures 1 and 2), to facilitate and ease of energy flow, various components such as sets of nozzles with ducts, air heating section using a heat source, blowers with an electrical drive for proper circulation of hot air, dampers and exhaust duct (as shown in Figure 2) are incorporated. The heating of air is carried out in recent stenters by using compact heat exchangers through hot oil supplied by an oil heater and directly by the combustion of gas fuel in the old design. This hot air is sucked by a circulation blower and passed through ducts connected by sets of nozzles at the end to blown on fabric. A similar arrangement is available in each chamber for air heating in an air-oil heat exchanger by hot oil provided by an oil heater for drying of the fabric. Wet cloth (fabric) either pinned or clipped to conveyer enters with initial moisture in the first chamber of stenter after partial removal of moisture in mangles. The surface of ducts facing fabric is provided with nozzles, through which hot air blows on fabric with defined velocity for drying of the wet fabric. The hot air in contact with fabric removes the moisture content in the fabric due to the vaporization of the water making fabric dry is a very complex heat and mass transfer problem where a constant jet of hot air is blown on moving fabric. The part of the air coming out from the fabric is circulated back with the addition of make-up air either from the atmosphere or from the adjacent chamber for drying operation after heating it in air-oil heat exchangers and the remaining air is exhausted into the atmosphere appropriately as depicted in Figure 2. Dampers located in the exhaust conduit control the quantity of exhaust air. Thus, drying and other operations are continued in the cycle by the stenter machine appropriately. The fabric with the desired residual moisture is considered as the dried fabric that exists from the last chamber for further processing. There are mainly two drying zones in the stenter machines based on the moisture removal process as a constant drying rate and falling drying rate. In a certain type of fabric where bound moisture is very less, the region of falling drying rate is very small or does not exist.