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Role of Nano-Biotechnology in Solid Waste Management
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Rakesh K. Sahoo, Shikha Varma, Saroj Kumar Singh
Recently, anaerobic digestion has been considered an economical and environmentally sustainable technology for waste treatment and waste-to-energy recovery (Wainaina et al. 2020). Earlier, the process was used for the same purpose. Still, due to the high nitrogen content in the waste, the energy recovery is low and ammonia formation is very high. On the other hand, the by-products from this process were used as a fertilizer. The soil conditioner contains a high amount of nitrogen and unwanted by-products, which reduces the soil fertility value. In 2014, European legislation prohibited using anaerobic digested solid as a fertilizer (Browne et al. 2014). In recent years, several process modifications have been carried out to enhance the yield and quality of the product gas. The wastes are mixed with low nitrogen content waste with a suitable inoculum (Gómez et al. 2006), to increase the digestion rate and reduce the nitrogen content in the substrate. Additionally, in the purification step, unwanted gases such as CO2, ammonia and trace gases are removed from the product to increase the yield and quality of the product to be used as a transportation fuel called biomethane.
Soil Physical and Chemical Manifestations
Published in Epstein Eliot, The Science of Composting, 2017
Compost is often referred to as a “soil conditioner.” As such, it improves the soil physical properties that play a significant role in crop production. Water retention is increased, and more water becomes available to plants.
Static Pile Composting of Cranberry Receiving Wastes and Processing Residues
Published in John M. Bell, Proceedings of the 43rd Industrial Waste Conference May 10, 11, 12, 1988, 1989
Frederic C. Blanc, James C. O’Shaughnessy
Cranberry fruit receiving and cranberry processing operations produce a large amount of solid waste which is presently being disposed of by landfilling in some locations. Because of the agricultural nature of the waste products, the opportunity of composting to produce a soil conditioner is attractive. This chapter presents results from a large static pile pilot composting study conducted on such residues in the winter and spring of 1985. The wastes in this study may be characterized as vines, pulp, screenings, leaves, rice hulls and berries. These materials are organic in nature, low in available nutrients, and low in pH [in the 2.5 to 4.5 range]. The wet putrescible solids from the processing and receiving operations are not appropriate for incineration and must be disposed of by landfilling, land application or composting. Composting will stabilize the materials, reduce the volume and produce a finish product which is marketable.
Chemical transformation and bioavailability of chromium in the contaminated soil amended with bioamendments
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
M. Sinduja, V. Sathya, M. Maheswari, P. Kalpana, P. Dhevagi, G. K. Dinesh, T. Chitdeshwari
Bioamendments such as farmyard manure, composted poultry manure, pressmud compost, and biochar were chosen for this study. The bio-amendments were collected from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Farm, Coimbatore (11°00'45.8" N 76°55'53.8" E). It is used as a soil amendment to improve soil quality, fertility and increases soil carbon sequestration. The amendments were chosen were most conventional soil organic materials, which are readily decomposed. The recalcitrant nature of bio-amendments increases its potential value as a soil amending material for the longer term (Liang et al. 2021). The selected bioamendments have favorable features, such as their large specific surface area, porous structure, surface functional groups, and high pH, allow them to be utilized as an adsorbent to immobilize heavy metals in soil (Rieuwerts 2007). Bioamendments can reduce the bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soils through adsorption and other physicochemical reactions. Incorporating bio-amendments into the soil can be used as a soil conditioner because it enhances soil fertility due to its high organic carbon and high sorptive capacity for water and nutrients (Chan et al. 2020). Many authors hypothesized that the high pH of the biochar produced at high temperatures prevents heavy metal leaching. Essential characteristics of the bio-amendments were determined and presented in Table 2.
Waste into energy conversion technologies and conversion of food wastes into the potential products: a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Jeya Jeevahan, A. Anderson, V. Sriram, R. B. Durairaj, G. Britto Joseph, G. Mageshwaran
Biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained from the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis produces pyrolysis oil (bio-oil), synthesis gas (syngas) and biochar. Bio-oil cannot be used directly due to its high acidity and complex composition, and it requires further upgrading. Low yield and the complicated separation and purification process limit the application of syngas. Biochar, on the other side, providesmany advantages over bio-oil and syngas (Liu et al. 2013). It can be used as soil conditioner as well as fertiliser. It has potential as a tool for climate change mitigation by increasing stable soil carbon stocks and soil carbon sequestration while decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. It improves the agricultural productivity, especially on the low-fertility and degraded soils. It also improves the water holding capacity of soil. The biochar production is more effective rather than composting in locking up carbon. Moreover, carbon present in compost will be released within 10–20 years by microbial activity. But the carbon sequestered by biochar would remain stable in the soil. It also decreases emissions of greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitrous oxide (Kwapinski et al. 2010; Woolf et al. 2010; Enders et al. 2012; McBeath et al. 2014). Low operational temperature, high heating rate and a short gas residence time yield a high bio-oil production, whereas high operational temperature, low heating rate and long gas residence time yield a high syngas production. Low operational temperature and low heating rate, on the other hand, yields a high biochar production. Consequently, fast pyrolysis converts the high cellulose and hemicellulose feedstocks into bio-oil and gas as the main products with low yield of biochar. Slow pyrolysis can convert high lignin feedstocks into the highest biochar yields. Therefore, selection of feedstock and the required balance of products (bio-oil, syngas and biochar) decide whether or not slow pyrolysis is used (Kwapinski et al. 2010; Spokas et al. 2012).