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Utilization of Coal Mine Waste in Vegetation
Published in Karra Ram Chandar, B. C. Gayana, P. Shubhananda Rao, Mine Waste Utilization, 2022
Chaitanya Vikas, Karra Ram Chandar
Soil compaction occurs when moist or wet soil particles are pressed together and the pore spaces between them are reduced. Adequate pore space is essential for the movement of water, air and soil fauna through the soil. The mechanical strength and poor oxygen supply of compacted soil restrict root penetration. Soil moisture is unavailable if layers of compacted soil restrict root growth.
Pasturelands, Rangelands, and Other Grazing Social-Ecological Systems
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Radost Stanimirova, Rachael Garrett
Soil compaction reduces the ability of nutrients, water, and roots to move through the soil (Bellows 2001). Soil compaction is caused by animals or equipment continuously moving across the soil, pressing down on the soil, and squeezing soil pore spaces together. The likelihood of compaction increases as soil moisture, animal weight, animal numbers, and the duration of grazing increase (Billota et al. 2007). Soil compaction makes vegetation susceptible to disease, restricts root growth, reduces nutrient availability for plant uptake, increases the potential for runoff and erosion, and reduces forage yields (Bellows 2001). The likelihood of compaction can be reduced by (i) maintaining a diverse population of soil organisms that burrow in the soil and form soil aggregates, (ii) not grazing animals on wet or poorly drained soils, and (iii) decreasing the number of animals and/or the time they spend in each paddock (Bellows 2001).
Compaction
Published in Bernardo Caicedo, Geotechnics of Roads: Fundamentals, 2018
Soil compaction is the process of increasing soil density by removing air from within voids. Proctor’s methodology is at the base of the classical approach to soil compaction. Proctor [337] conceived his approach as a way to reproduce field compaction in a laboratory by relating dry density ρd to water content w while applying controlled mechanical energy to soil.
Comparing single-wheel attachable tracks to chains and bare tires on skidders for mitigating soil disturbance during harvesting operations
Published in International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2023
Taylor Richmond, Rene H. Germain, Kristopher Brown, Russell Briggs, Stephen Stehman
Soil compaction is a natural phenomenon that results from increased force on the soil which can occur as a result of intense rainfall, growth of plant roots, and foot traffic from animals (Taylor and Brar 1991). However, the most impactful force in forests is usually associated with the machinery used to harvest timber (Greacen and Sands 1980). Soil compaction has adverse effects on root growth, water infiltration, and soil aeration. Compression of the soil destroys macropores, which reduces total porosity, resulting in less gaseous exchange within the soil profile. This reduces soil infiltration capacity, leading to increased and concentrated surface runoff which makes its way to water bodies, leading to sedimentation. Soil compaction also restricts root growth and uptake of water and nutrients, reducing tree growth (Greacen and Sands 1980; Naghdi et al. 2018; Zemánek and Neruda 2021). Roots must penetrate nearby soil to elongate and grow. With increased compaction and decreased macroporosity, root growth is both slowed and truncated (Greacen and Sands 1980; Taylor and Brar 1991). Soil compaction can be measured via bulk density and mechanical resistance. Soil bulk density is defined as the mass of the soil per unit volume of soil, whereas mechanical resistance is the reaction of the soil to the forces exerted by growing plants. Both measures serve to indicate ease of root penetration through the soil, predict water transmission, and indicate soil quality (Grossman and Reinsch 2002).
Effects of traffic intensity and travel speed on forest soil disturbance at different soil moisture conditions
Published in International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2022
Sara Sadeghi, Ahmad Solgi, Petros A. Tsioras
Soil compaction, as expressed by increased bulk density and reductions in porosity, reduces the root penetrability in the soil (Botta et al. 2007) and, ultimately, adversely affects root growth and plant production (Kim et al. 2010; Naghdi et al. 2016a). After forest machine traffic the proportion of porous space comprised by macropores is shifted to micropores, negatively impacting soil aeration that controls the respiration processes of microorganisms (Schäffer et al. 2001). Decreases in macropore space can further adversely affect tree root extension, elongation and penetration of primary roots, and the exchange of air, water, and nutrients, which may induce a lower uptake of nutrients and water (Greacen and Sands 1980). Such changes may lead to reduced tree growth, the magnitude of which is difficult to predict, due to its dependence on many factors, such as on the soil type and tree species among others (Kozlowski 1999).
Compaction delay and its effect on the geotechnical properties of lime treated semi-arid soils
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Arif Ali Baig Moghal, Mohammed Ashfaq, Ali Abdul Kareem Hamood Al-Obaid, Mohammad Farid Abbas, Ahmed Mohammed Al-Mahbashi, Abdullah Ali Shaker
Expansive soils are prone to rapid volume changes due to their expanding lattice structures with seasonal changes in moisture content. Stabilisation through chemical and mechanical techniques are widely adopted to mitigate the problems posed by expansive soils. Soil compaction is the process by which soil is mechanically compacted by pressing the soil particles together in a close state of contact thereby enhancing the soil properties (Lai et al., 2011; Prashanth et al., 1998). Compaction decreases compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and increases the strength properties of soil (Mitchell & Soga, 2005). In chemical stabilisation, the problematic soils are treated with suitable chemicals to induce mineralogical changes which enhance its geotechnical properties (Lees et al., 1982; Ola, 1978; Tonoz et al., 2004). In attempting chemical stabilisation, the soil is mixed thoroughly with stabilisers prior to compaction. Among the various additives, due to its ability to reduce the plasticity and the maximum dry density (MDD) of expansive soils, lime has been extensively used in various Civil Engineering works like the construction of embankments, highways and buildings (Al-Mahbashi et al., 2020; Bell, 1998; Croft, 1964; Cuisinier et al., 2011; Efsahani, 2020; Hussain & Dash, 2016; Ismeik & Shaqour, 2020; Lees et al., 1982; Moghal et al., 2018; Ola, 1978; Thompson, 1966; Tonoz et al., 2004).