China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Snow Melting Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
Published in Vasile Minea, Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates, 2022
The road, pavement, and bridge surface conditions can be classified as follows (ASHRAE 1964; Rees et al. 2002; Liu et al. 2003; Liu 2005): (i) dry – when the surface temperature is above or below the freezing point (0°C), and free of liquid and ice; (ii) wet – when the surface is above the freezing point and has some liquid retained on it, but no ice; the liquid water can come from rainfall, condensed vapor, or melted snow; (iii) dry snow – when the surface is covered with dry snow without liquid; the surface temperature is below the freezing point so that snow is not currently being melted; (iv) slush only – when the surface temperature is at the freezing point and contains ice in the form of snow crystals; a relatively thin layer of fully saturated snow and liquid in quasi-thermal equilibrium exists that has a significant thermal insulating effect; (v) snow and slush – when the surface is at the freezing point and contains snow that is partly melted; the lower part of the snow is saturated with water and the upper part is dry snow; (vi) solid ice – when the surface temperature is below the freezing point, and at the road, pavement, or bridge surface, the ice is in a solid state; (vii) solid ice and water – when the surface temperature is at the freezing point and consists of solid ice and water; this can occur when rain falls on solid ice or when the solid ice is being melted.
Introduction
Published in Qin Zhang, Roger Skjetne, Sea Ice Image Processing with MATLAB®, 2018
Various types of sea ice can be found in ice-covered regions, and different types of sea ice have different physical properties. As defined in Løset et al. [91]:Floe is any relatively flat piece of sea ice 20 m or more across. It is subdivided according to horizontal extent. A giant flow is over 10 km across; a vast floe is 2 to 10 km across; a big floe is 500 to 2000 m across; a medium floe is 100 to 500 m across; and a small floe is 20 to 100 m across.Ice cake is any relatively flat piece of sea ice less than 20 m across.Brash ice is accumulations of floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m across and the wreckage of other forms of ice. It is common between colliding floes or in regions where pressure ridges have collapsed.Slush is snow that is saturated and mixed with water on land or ice surfaces, or as a viscous floating mass in water after heavy snowfall.In this book, for simplicity, the size of the sea ice piece is the only criterion to distinguish ice floe and brash ice. That is, any relatively flat piece of sea ice 2 m or more across is considered as “ice floe”, while any relatively flat piece of sea ice less than 2 m across is considered as “brash ice (piece)”. The residual of ice pixels are considered as “slush”.
Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop
Published in Randall F. Barron, Gregory F. Nellis, Cryogenic Heat Transfer, 2017
Randall F. Barron, Gregory F. Nellis
Mixtures of two-phase (solid–liquid) single-component materials are often called slushes, such as slush hydrogen. There are several advantages associated with the use of slush hydrogen as a fuel (Carney 1964). A mixture of 50% solid and 50% liquid hydrogen is approximately 16% more dense than liquid hydrogen; therefore, a larger mass of slush hydrogen may be stored in a given volume. A smaller evaporation loss is experienced for slush hydrogen because the solid particles must be melted before significant evaporation of the liquid phase occurs. Some properties of slush hydrogen are given in Table 7.3.
Glacier facies characterisation in transboundary West Sikkim Himalaya from TerraSAR-X; GLCM based classification approach
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2023
Arpan Sharma, Mousumi Gupta, Narpati Sharma
Following the Landsat mission by NASA, glacier facies characterisation using remote sensing and GIS is considered more efficient because in-field survey of all glaciers is not possible, especially in the Himalayan region. In this regard, Williams et al. (1991) used the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM) with visible and infrared bands to characterise glacier facies in Bruarjokull, a surge-type outlet glacier in the Vatnajokull ice cap, Iceland. They identified morainal deposits, ice facies, transient snow line, slush zone, slush limit (diffuse) and snow facies (wet snow and frozen snow) through satellite imagery.