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Configuration and Substrate Design Considerations for Constructed Wetlands Wastewater Treatment
Published in Donald A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, 2020
Gerald R. Steiner, Robert J. Freeman
Climate can influence system type because an SSF cell will be less affected by cold temperatures and freezing than an SF cell. Plant cover and litter will insulate the surface of an SSF cell, reducing freezing effects. In an SF cell, ice eliminates surface reaeration and overlying snow restricts solar radiation, affecting photosynthesis and related biological processes. An SF cell requires higher berms so that water depth can be increased in winter to compensate for detention volume lost to ice cover.
Simulation of the influence of recharged cold groundwater on temperature and level of surrounding groundwater
Published in Jos H. Peters, Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, 2020
J. Akiyama, Y. Katsuragi, N. Goto, H. Abiko, T. Yokoyama
In 1980, snow melting system without sprinkling ground water was developed in order to prevent land subsidence and to maintain ground water as a precious resource. This system utilizes only heat energy of ground water for melting snow and recharges used ground water into the aquifer again without sprinkling. It has an economical advantage because it does not need any fuel nor electricity as a heat source for melting snow. Such snow melting systems without sprinkling ground water are popular for clearing snow on roads or sidewalks in the snowy area of Japan in these days because of its convenience, low running costs and superiority in preservation of the environment.
Sustainable Drainage
Published in G.L. Sivakumar Babu, Prithvi S. Kandhal, Nivedya Mandankara Kottayi, Rajib Basu Mallick, Amirthalingam Veeraragavan, Pavement Drainage, 2019
G.L. Sivakumar Babu, Prithvi S. Kandhal, Nivedya Mandankara Kottayi, Rajib Basu Mallick, Amirthalingam Veeraragavan
For maintenance, surface infiltration rates should be inspected annually during rain events and any solids or debris that can lead to clogging should be removed. Finally, the PAP should be vacuumed or power washed 2–4 times every year. In winter, de-icing chemicals can be used for preventing ice/snow accumulation on the surface. Seal coating or cracking sealing is prohibited for porous asphalt. Patching can be done with conventional mixes if the patching area is less than 10% of the pavement area.
Snow plow route optimization: A constraint programming approach
Published in IISE Transactions, 2020
Joris Kinable, Willem-Jan van Hoeve, Stephen F. Smith
Each year, many northern cities face significant expenditures pertaining to winter road maintenance. Snow removal constitutes a large part of these costs. According to a report by the Office of the New York City (NYC) Comptroller (Stringer, 2015), the costs for ice and snow removal in NYC alone averages [$]55.3 million a year, with a low of [$]25.4 million in FY 2008, to a high of [$]130.7 million in FY 2014. The direct measurable costs related to material, equipment, maintenance, resources and personnel, are however, exceeded to a major extent by indirect expenses that account for the societal, environmental and economic impact of adverse driving conditions. Snow storms have a disruptive impact on mobility and transportation, leading to a significant increase in traffic accidents and congestion, and reduce access to critical infrastructure such as hospitals and airports (Rubin et al., 2010; Usman et al., 2010). Moreover, excessive usage of snow plows as well as salt and chemicals required for deicing, damages road surfaces, corrodes cars and metal structures, and pollutes soil and local water systems (Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). Clearly, the monetary costs of winter road maintenance, as well as the number of people negatively impacted by winter driving conditions motivate the need for a robust, data-driven and highly-optimized system to effectively perform these maintenance operations in a resource-constrained environment.
Investigation of sustainable energy alternatives for powering remote communities in northern Ontario
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Mudit Nijhawan, Ofelia A. Jianu
As seen in Figure 5, the exergy efficiency decreases during the middle of the year, which is due to the hotter summer temperatures. The hotter temperatures cause a decrease in power production which causes the efficiency to drop. Thus, the solar panels are recommended during winter months if an energy blend is selected. During winter months the impact of snow can also affect the energy that is generated by the fuel cells and is something to consider during their implementation as snow coverage can also affect heat transfer rates and cell efficiencies. However, for the purpose of this analysis, it was assumed that the solar panels are clear of snow at all times.