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Permeable Reactive Barriers in Europe
Published in Ravi Naidu, Volker Birke, Permeable Reactive Barrier, 2018
At an industrial area/park at Denkendorf, a small town in the vicinity of Stuttgart, six different sources of cVOC contamination were detected in the 1990s. The main contaminants comprised TCE, PCE, cis-DCE, and 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane (1,1,1-TCA). The groundwater was also polluted by VC, which had probably been generated by NA processes (microbiological degradation) of PCE/TCE. The overall concentrations of the pollutants exceeded 200 mg/L in total within the hot spots/source zones; pure-phase cVOCs were present as well, although the average total concentration of cVOCs in the groundwater was below 30 mg/L. The groundwater exhibited very high carbonate hardness due to the abundant red and shelly limestone in the area. Sulfate levels were determined at 200 mg/L. The low hydraulic gradient of 2% prompted to design a full-scale D&G PRB that catches (collects) and drains the contaminated groundwater passively by means of a 90-m-long gravel drain equipped with additional filter pipes. The drain directs the groundwater toward a reactor loaded with GAC. The depth of the PRB is about 6 m. The Denkendorf D&G reactor was constructed as a shaft-shaped structure (ISV) employing standard civil-engineering techniques. The system meets its remediation goal of 10 µg/L cVOCs.
Sedimentary Rocks
Published in F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas, A Geology for Engineers, 2017
F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas
Shelly Limestone (Fig. 6.2) is a rock in which fossil shells, such as brachipods and lamellibranchs (Fig. 2.14), form a large part of its bulk. It may be a consolidated shellsand (cf. the ‘crags’ of East Anglia). Shell banks, in which the shells are laid by currents and the spaces between them filled by milky calcite (during diagenesis), are also known as ‘conquinites’.
Estimating efficiency of composite reinforcment applications in foundations of low-rise buildings
Published in Rashid Mangushev, Askar Zhussupbekov, Yoshinori Iwasaki, Igor Sakharov, Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction: New Materials, Structures, Technologies and Calculations, 2019
A.I. Subbotin, M.N. Shutova, A.I. Shagina
EGE-2. Yellow-white, heavily weathered, fractured shelly limestone (aN2p), with 1–3 cm thick layers of calcified material of low and medium strength. Thickness: from 4.3–8.1 m to 5.0–9.0 m. Basic physical and mechanical properties: ρ = 2.34 g/cm3, Rc = 6.8 MPa.
Formation mechanisms of calcite cements in tight sandstones of the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation, northeastern Central Sichuan Basin
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2019
Y. H. Qing, Z. X. Lü, J. Y. Wu, J. J. Yang, S. L. Zhang, C. H. Xiong, J. F. Liu
δ18O of –18.97 to –15.18‰ in the authigenic calcite of the first stage, with a mean value of –17.32‰, approximates δ18O of primary sedimentary water under near-surface low temperature or the early sedimentary carbonates. δ18O of –17.8 to –13.92‰ of the second stage, with a mean value of –16.35‰, approximates δ18O under shallow-burial medium temperature and the oxygen mainly originates from the connate sedimentary water (Figure 16). δ18O of the authigenic calcite approximates that in the micritic shelly limestone of the Lianggaoshan Formation so the oxygen mainly originates from the sedimentary water. δ18O of –24.89 to –18.33‰ of the third stage being very negative, with a mean value of –20.47‰, results from the increasing temperature during burial processes (Liu et al., 2006).
Calcareous-nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Miocene Fatha Formation at the Miryas section, Qaradagh Mountain Series, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023
The succession of the Fatha Formation at the Miryas locality gently dips to the southwest at 25–28° with an overall measured thickness of 24 m at the sampling site. The lithostratigraphic sequence from the bottom to the top consists of red claystone, green marlstone, light-green marly limestone interlayers and thin limestone beds with lesser amounts of siltstone (Figure 2). Two beds of shelly limestone were observed. This sequence is overlain by a thick bed of green sandstone of the Injana Formation (Figure 2) and underlain by a thick bed of claystone and a gypsum bed.