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Construction materials and sustainable development
Published in Natalia Yakovleva, Edmund Nickless, Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, 2022
Patrick Junior, Daniel M. Franks
Sand mining and stone quarrying can pose social challenges for surrounding communities while also providing an important local livelihood. Child labour and underemployment are common issues in many informal quarry sites around the world. Children may find themselves joining the quarrying and sand mining industry by default as they work with their parents (Hinton et al., 2018a, 2018b; Lahiri-Dutt, 2008). Child labour in quarrying and sand mining has been associated with school dropout at some locations, while quarrying may also provide revenue for parents to pay for school fees and send children to school (Hilson, 2008; Hinton et al., 2018a, 2018b).
The Foundation of Constructability
Published in Sharmin Khan, Constructability, 2018
In 2012, the Supreme Court of India asked state governments to amend the rules to regulate mining of minerals and ensure environmental management. On August 2013, the National Green Tribunal declared that sand mining without environmental clearance is illegal. India needs to introduce some more policies as an emergent need in the construction industry. These include making of Bureau of Indian Standards codes on recycled material, promotion of alternative materials, introduction of tax policies for minimizing waste, and promotion of efficient construction management practices (CSE, 2014).
Iron Ore Mine Waste and Tailings as Aggregates in Concrete
Published in Karra Ram Chandar, B. C. Gayana, P. Shubhananda Rao, Mine Waste Utilization, 2022
B. C. Gayana, Karra Ram Chandar
Need for aggregate replacement is demanding for the present scenario of construction industry as the mining of sand is a depleting resource. The rapid development of infrastructure has increased the need of sand mining due to which the river bed is over exploited and the need to recycle materials is in demand. Iron ore tailings (IOT) is the processed waste during the steel processing and is disposed in tailing ponds. A few studies by some researchers suggested that IOT can be considered as a construction material. The various environmental issues of sand mining are depletion of virgin deposits, water table lowering, collapsing of river banks and water pollution (Kang et al. 2011). An increase in the production of iron ore for economic development worldwide has been generating massive amount of IOT, which are frequently being discarded as wastes. This has led to serious environmental deterioration. A statistical survey has shown that 5 to 7 billion tonnes of IOT were produced yearly worldwide (Edraki et al. 2014). In spite of such huge amount of IOT stockpiled as waste, its safe disposal or utilization has remained a major unsolved and challenging task for iron ore industries (Yu et al. 2011).There are various other mine wastes which need to be explored as marginal materials in construction industry. Ram Chandar et al. (Ram Chandar et al. 2016a, 2016b) investigated the use of laterite and sandstone as partial replacement of sand, it was observed that sandstone enhanced the strength properties of concrete and laterite did not show much improvement on strength properties of concrete. Filho et al. (2017) evaluated the use of IOTs as fine aggregates in interlock concrete blocks. The physical and mechanical properties were superior to the conventional interlock paver blocks. Castro Bastos et al. (2016) evaluated the feasibility of IOT as a road material. The IOT was chemically stabilized using cement, lime, steel-making slag as binder consisting of 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% binder content, respectively. XRF, XRD, leaching, compaction and CBR tests were conducted and the results suggested that IOT with chemical stabilization is feasible to be considered as a road paving material. Mohammad and Bareither (2017) evaluated the binder amendment of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of mine tailings in the application of earthworks. A review on the use of iron ore mine waste and tailings and other industrial waste materials as replacement for aggregates with various admixtures to enhance the properties of concrete was done (Gayana and Ram Chandar 2018).
Development of a framework for sand auditing of the Chaliyar River basin, Kerala, India using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS model coupling
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2023
Abhijith Sathya, Santosh G. Thampi, N. R. Chithra
Sand mining is the removal of sand from rivers, lakes, and beaches either manually or by using heavy machinery. Sand so extracted is used to manufacture concrete, extract elements like zirconium and titanium, and manufacture glass. Sand and gravel mining for construction activities have increased drastically in the last decade to meet the demands of the growing population. This has caused serious environmental impacts forcing governments of various states in India and elsewhere to either restrict or prohibit sand mining. As a consequence of this decision, illegal sand mining is being resorted to by a so-called ‘sand mafia’, resulting in aggravation of the already serious problem and law and order issues (Ashraf et al., 2011; Jose et al., 2014; Kamboj et al., 2017; Kondolf, 1994).
Decoupling in India’s building construction sector: trends, technologies and policies
Published in Building Research & Information, 2019
Sriraj Gokarakonda, Shritu Shrestha, Pratibha Ruth Caleb, Vaibhav Rathi, Rohan Jain, Stefan Thomas, Kilian Topp, Zeenat Niazi
Sand continues to be a critical resource for construction: it contributed 16.5% to the value of minor minerals in 2014–15 (Ministry of Mines, 2015). The demand for sand as a construction aggregate accounted for 29% of the total aggregate demand in 2010. According to a study by the Freedonia Group, the total demand for sand is expected to increase from 630 million metric tonnes in 2010 to 1430 million metric tonnes in 2020 (Aggregates Business Europe, 2013). Sand mining has adverse impacts on the environment, which include degradation of land, disturbance of the water table resulting in topological disorder/erosion, changes in biotic and abiotic systems, severe ecological imbalance etc. (Abdul & Ramzan, 2016). In this context, viable alternatives have been developed with stable physical and chemical properties making it stronger than natural sand. One alternative used in building construction is manufactured sand (M-sand), defined as a purpose-made crushed fine aggregate produced from suitable source materials. Most commonly M-sand is made by crushing natural stone to obtain an artificial sand of the desired size and grade which is free from impurities (Shanmugapriya & Uma, 2012). However, as is the case of natural stone quarrying, the environmental impact of M-sand is considerably higher if not similar to the extraction of natural sand from riverbeds. Experimental results have proved that M-sand can be used as a partial replacement for natural sand, and the compressive and flexure strengths are increased as the percentage of M-sand is increased up to an optimum level (Shanmugapriya & Uma, 2012).
Evaluation of mechanical properties of steel slag as replacement for fine and coarse aggregate in concrete
Published in Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2023
Aggregates are major raw materials that have high demand and low availability. From an environmental point of view, river sand mining for fine aggregate and ground vibration due to quarry mines (i.e. due to manufacturing of course aggregates) has become a major adverse effect in the country. On the other hand, landfilling steel slag is not worthy of action because it is an environmental pollutant. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of steel slag material as a replacement for aggregate in concrete and to determine the optimum quantity of steel slag as fine and coarse aggregates for concrete.