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Dispersion and Characterization of Graphene in Elastomer Composite
Published in Titash Mondal, Anil K. Bhowmick, Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites, 2023
Meryem Samancı, Ayşe Bayrakçeken Yurtcan
Rubber is the name given to materials that can change in size when stretched and return to their original state when the deforming stress is removed. It is derived from the South American word ‘caoutchouc’ meaning ‘weeping wood’. Originally, the word Rubber was used for the product obtained from a dense milky liquid called latex found in some plants (Ciesielski 1999). Rubbers are widely used in transportation, medicine, construction, and everyday life due to their excellent durability and flexibility. The most obvious usage area is the automotive industry where the tire and inner tire production takes place. The consumption of rubber, which is a product that human beings inevitably use in their daily life, is increasing day by day. While rubbers of natural origin were used in the beginning, synthetic rubbers began to be produced due to the increasing needs of the rapidly increasing world population, technological developments, and wars. Rubber manufacturing generally consists of three stages: (i) mixing (mills, internal mixing), (ii) forming, and (iii) vulcanizing (Mall, Zhang, and Geng 2010). A brief summary about the commonly used natural and synthetic rubbers is given in Tables 7.1 and 7.2.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Rubber and plastic gloves are usually manufactured by automated processes, of which the dipping method is the most common. The primary ingredient in rubber gloves is rubber polymer, blended with various additives, including vulcanizing agents, accelerators, antioxidants, pigments, fillers, and oils (Table 14.1). Rubber polymer can be a natural product made from the milky liquid (natural latex) of the rubber tree, or it can be manufactured synthetically. Whether a rubber glove is called natural (NRL) or synthetic depends on the origin of the polymer used in its production. Neoprene and nitrile rubbers are synthetic polymers used in glove production. Blending NRL with neoprene or nitrile rubbers is common in order to combine the favorable properties of both materials.
Brisa: Virtuoso of Supply Chain Risk Management
Published in Çağrı Haksöz, Risk Intelligent Supply Chains, 2018
Our major raw material ingredient is rubber. There are two types: natural and synthetic rubber. Another major raw material is carbon black. We also have textile and steel cords. It is important to note that 60% of our raw materials are composed of rubber and carbon black. All of these raw materials are imported. Apart from natural rubber, the other materials are procured in a business-to-business trading setting. Hence, we manage them with bilateral agreements and contracts whose durations range from monthly to quarterly. For instance, carbon black is procured with quarterly priced contracts. The Bridgestone Singapore Natural Rubber Procurement Center handles all of the global natural rubber purchases for every Bridgestone facility. It acts like a broker for us. However, unlike a fast stock market broker, its lead time to process a purchase demand from us is rather long, at least fifteen days. Furthermore, the natural rubber we could use in our facility has to have a certain grade and quality. It also should come from an approved plantation. Hence, the market liquidity is an issue we have to manage carefully.
Ogden model for characterising and simulation of PPHR Rubber under different strain rates
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023
Q. H. Jebur, Muhsin J. Jweeg, Muhannad Al-Waily
Rubber is a crop from which a range of products can be produced that have vital applications to society in a variety of ways. Knowledge of the properties of rubber continues to expand. In time, additional manufactured goods will be produced by the rubber industry. In general, there are two kinds of rubber usually utilised in industry, natural rubber and synthetic rubber. The applications of natural rubber (NR) overall different productions are due to its mechanical properties such as high durability, low hysteresis, elasticity, and high toughness. In overall, NR is an unstructured material. However, when stretched NR can crystallise. This crystallisation gives characteristics such as abrasion resistance, tensile strength, and tear resistance to the mechanical properties of NR. The rubber combination is the main product of rubber commodity. Roughly speaking, all rubber compounds use Carbon black (CB) as a filler. Carbon black filler improves the physical properties of rubber, increasing strength, as well as strengthening vulcanisation. The results of the rubber compound can be useful in producing bearings, belts, tyres for cars.
Waste tire pyrolysis and desulfurization of tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) – A review
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Moshe Mello, Hilary Rutto, Tumisang Seodigeng
Vulcanized rubbers with high Young’s modulus show low yield strain and elasticity. Through the vulcanization process, three-dimensional cross-linked structures are formed inside the rubbers, thereby enhancing the rubber properties such as thermal stability, tensile properties, chemical resistance, and resistance to abrasion (Fazli and Rodrigue 2020; Formela 2021). Rubbers have found extensive healthcare, household, construction, military, and automotive applications. Vulcanized rubber is mainly used in truck and automotive tires, given its high resistance to severe environmental and outdoor conditions, including high temperatures, chemical reagents, shear stress, and radiations. Even though a new tire has an increased life expectancy of about 80,000 miles, a large number of waste tires are generated annually all over the world (Fazli and Rodrigue 2020; Labaki and Jeguirim 2017; Moulin et al. 2017). About 1.5 billion waste tires are generated annually, with the highest number observed in developed countries where one waste tire per person is generated yearly (Chen et al. 2022; Martínez 2021; Serefentse et al. 2019).
Studies on properties of coated para-aramid fabric samples developed for military applications – post UVA-340 exposure
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
R. G. Revaiah, T. M. Kotresh, Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
Natural rubber degrades under the influence of UV radiation (Tasakorn & Amatyakul, 2008) with deteriorating effects such as loss of elasticity, flexibility, mass and development of cracks. When exposed to UV radiation, formation of four radicals can take place due to asymmetry of isoprene units in the chain. These radicals subsequently react with molecular oxygen to form hydroperoxides that have been detected during photooxidation of natural rubber (Wypych, 2018). These effects lead to disintegration, loss of strength, colour fading and formation of chalky surface. In our study, the p-aramid-coated natural rubber found to develop cracks on the side facing UV radiation (Figure 4).