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Bitumen and flat roofing materials
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Reinforced bitumen membranes for roofing systems are classified by pr EN 13707: 2017 according to a range of physical properties but without specific reference to the materials of manufacture. Guidance given in BS 8747: 2007 relates the key physical properties of tensile strength (S class) and puncture resistance (P class) to the types of product. Puncture resistance is derived from a combination of resistance to impact (D subclass) and resistance to static loading (L subclass). Both the S and P classes have five criteria levels of increasing standard from 1 to 5. The classification does not apply to venting and partial bonding base layers or underlay for mastic asphalt. The polyester-based products have greater strength and durability at a higher initial cost than the glassfibre-based products. Fine finishes are appropriate for the underlayers or where surface protection is applied, and granular finishes may be used for the exposed layer. Table 6.1 shows the typical relationship between generic products and the derived membrane S and P classes.
Handling, Storage, and Transport of Infectious Waste
Published in Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon, Infectious and Medical Waste Management, 2018
Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon
Although there is not yet a universal definition or standard for “puncture resistance” in sharps containers,* the commonly accepted meaning of the term is the ability of the container to withstand punctures through the wall by the contained sharps during ordinary usage and handling. Puncture resistance is an essential feature for sharps containers in order to ensure that discarded sharps can be safely handled with minimum risk of exposure and injury.
Double face fabrics: a tailorable solution for puncture resistant applications
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Muhammad Nauman Hameed, Yasir Nawab, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Umair, Zuhaib Ahmad, Khubab Shaker
The developed fabrics were tested for puncture resistance under quasi static loading, in order to study the effect of structural parameters on the puncture resistance. The quasi-static load is applied slowly enough that the system remains in internal equilibrium. The puncture resistance defines the energy required to penetrate a material. Test method ASTM F 1342 was used to determine the puncture force. In this test method thickness of gage was used to determine the thickness of the specimen nearest to the 0.01 mm. The testing specimen size was 8.9 cm2. Two flat metal plates were used as the specimen support assembly between these two fabric specimens were clamed and which was further mounted on the lower arm of machine. Puncture probe with the wedge like sharp piercing head was used with the angle of wedge 26° and length of wedge to be 0.12”. Pressure cell was set so that it records the maximum force value and when probe passes through the specimen it stops. Velocity of the penetrometer was kept constant at 50.8 cm/min. Average values of tests were recorded after puncturing each specimen three times at different positions as recommended in the test procedure.
Experimental analyzing the static puncture resistance performance of shear thickening fluid impregnated polypropylene hybrid composite target structures for armour application
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
S. Deepak, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, M. Ashokkumar, S. K. Nayak
The target structure B tensile values are nearly the same as those of the target structure C performance. However, the target structure C core is a single layer STF impregnated PP fabric. It is a very thin layer and there is not much difference in strength compared to the neat PP fabric in target structure B. The STF impregnated double and triple layer target structures (D, E) are much greater in strength and modulus, which are significantly thicker or dense STF layers than the single layer target. The detailed stress vs. strain graphs are recorded to determine the tensile strength and strain for each target structure as shown in Figure 8. The obtained tensile strength of the target structure (A–E) is non-uniformly improved, because the developed target structure consists of different materials (like aluminum sheet, gel silica layer, rubber resin, STF layer, & woven polypropylene fabric) hybrid composite laminates. The tensile properties result variously with addition of performance layers consisting of target structures showing better improvement of tensile and puncture resistance.