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Multiscale Analysis of Laminates Printed by 3D Printing Fused Deposition Modeling Method
Published in Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Vishesh Ranjan Kar, Subrata Kumar Panda, Kandaswamy Jayakrishna, Advanced Composite Materials and Structures, 2023
Like these laminates, scientists have investigated the structures produced by 3D printing and observed similarities [2, 3]. FDM is an additive manufacturing method that 3D prints the objects directly in a layer-by-layer way as shown in Figure 13.1 [4]. In FDM, a polymer filament is forced into an extruding nozzle, where after melting, the viscous polymer is printed over a bed. Once solidified, the next layer is printed over the previous layer. With further analysis, researchers have reported experimental analysis of mechanical properties of the FDM printed structures and verified their behavior to be similar to the laminated composite structures. This experimental investigation is also validated by applying the classical laminate theory (CLT) for the analysis of FDM printed structures. The printed laminates suffer from inferior mechanical properties because of anisotropy and porosity in the final structure [5–8]. From the analysis of these structures, it was reported that the mechanical properties of the FDM laminate differ from the material filament used [9]. The reason for this difference is that during the layer-by-layer printing, the microstructure of the laminate changes. For further structural analysis of printed laminate, this variation must be taken into consideration. Therefore, the stiffness matrix of the printed structure must have the final properties to capture its mechanical behavior. This requires efficient characterization of these printed parts to calculate the final mechanical properties.
Manufacturing of 3D Print Biocompatible Shape Memory Alloys
Published in Ajit Behera, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Ram K. Gupta, Smart 3D Nanoprinting, 2023
Two material classes are involved in the process of binder jetting process that includes powder-based material and a binder. The role of the binder is to act as an adhesive between the powder layers. The state of the binder and the build material are always dissimilar as the binder is always in liquid form and the build material is in powder form. The working of the binder-jetting process involves movement of the print head along the two perpendicular axes of the machine that deposits alternating layers of the build material and the binding material. After each layer, the object being printed is lowered onto its build platform. Due to the method of binding, the material characteristics are not always suitable for structural parts, and despite the relative speed of printing, additional post-processing can add significant time to the overall process. As with other powder-based manufacturing methods, the object being printed is self-supported within the powder bed and is removed from the unbound powder once completed. The process is being used for the bonding of stainless steel, iron, and tungsten. The merits of using this process involve making structures of large size, less production time as the speed is comparatively higher than the other processes, and the ability to manufacture a wide variety of materials. Certain demerits possess certain constraints on the application; they include the greater cost of the process, and there is no technical ceramics support [24].
Polymeric Materials for Printed Electronics Application
Published in Anandhan Srinivasan, Selvakumar Murugesan, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Progress in Polymer Research for Biomedical, Energy and Specialty Applications, 2023
In the era of next-generation materials, polymer-based printed electronic devices are a sure-shot future. As suggested by its name, printed electronic devices refer to the electronic devices that use printing as a fabrication technique for their construction (Cruz, Rocha, & Viana, 2018). With recent advancements in technologies and growing requirements for miniaturized electronic devices, change in form-factors of electronics is rising. So are the researches to cater to the needs of the market. The use of these next-generation materials is not limited to traditional electronics. However, they are catering to non-traditional applications such as healthcare, printed electronics, EMI shielding, tissue engineering, and industrial and structural monitoring. Printing technologies have shown high compatibility and efficiency with polymeric materials, say in the form of inks or substrates. Further advancements in printing technologies have made it practical to print different materials like insulating, conducting, or semiconducting on required substrates. Various electronic devices such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), metal-oxide-semiconductors field-effect-transistors (MOSFET), lighting devices, storage devices, and sensors, to name a few, are printed with various printing technologies, including screen printing, inkjet printing, and gravure printing to create functional electronic devices.
The economics of additive manufacturing and topology optimisation – a case analysis of the electric scooter
Published in Journal of Engineering Design, 2023
Rayko Toshev, Nikos Kolatsis, Ahm Shamzzuzoha, Petri Helo
There are undoubtedly many advantages, including the capacity to print intricate structures, design freedom, ease of use, and product customisation using AM. However, AM technology has not yet developed to the point, where it can be used in practical applications. There have been downsides and difficulties that call for further inquiry in addition to technological advancement (Abdulhameed et al. 2019). The limitations or challenges that require more research and analysis include the cap on part size, anisotropic mechanical properties, construction of overhang surfaces, high costs, poor manufacturing efficiency, poor accuracy, warping, pillowing, stringing, gaps in the top layers, under-extrusion, layer misalignment, over-extrusion, elephant foot, mass production, and restrictions on the use of materials (De Jong and de Bruijn 2013; Chen, He, and Yang 2017). Additionally, AM technologies can be identified in a limited range of raw materials, parts certification, quality assurance, finishing and post-processing, the high price of equipment, and the limitation of machine build volume, especially for metal AM (Khajavi et al. 2015).
Micromechanical models for predicting the mechanical properties of 3D-printed wood/PLA composite materials: A comparison with experimental data
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Ismail Ezzaraa, Nadir Ayrilmis, Manja Kitek Kuzman, Soufiane Belhouideg, Jamaa Bengourram
Often regarded as the simplest technology in additive manufacturing, the FDM relies on three main elements to print three-dimensional objects: a build platform on which the part is printed, a filament bobbin that serves as printing material and a print head also called “extruder” or “extrusion nozzle.” The process consists of laying down the material in successive layers. The material is heated, melted and deposited in a controlled manner by the print head. Indeed, the print head is guided by stepper motors, following a path defined by a CAD file. The build platform moves up and down (z-axis) while the print head is moved in XY-plane. Therefore, the model is built layer by layer, from the base to the top, until the entire model is printed. Once the material is extruded, it will solidify (Figure 1).
3D printing technology for textiles and fashion
Published in Textile Progress, 2020
Tanvir Mahady Dip, Ayesha Siddika Emu, Md Nafiul Hassan Nafiz, Puja Kundu, Hasnatur Rahman Rakhi, Abdullah Sayam, Md Akhtarujjman, Mohammad Shoaib, Md Shakil Ahmed, Swimi Tabassum Ushno, Abdullah Ibn Asheque, Enamul Hasnat, Mohammad Abbas Uddin, Abu Sadat Muhammad Sayem
Binder jetting uses any suitable powder-based chemical binding agent, which is sprayed in the form of a jet onto the already-scattered powder to form a layer. A 3D structure is then created by making a new layer on top of the previous layer (Low et al., 2017). Sintering is done to consolidate the structure after it has been shaped (Gokuldoss, Kolla, & Eckert, 2017). A broad range of polymer composites, ceramics and metals can be printed by this method. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate, poly(methyl methacrylate) – PMMA, bronze, Inconel 625, alumina, silica, and titanium dioxide are some of the common materials that can be printed by binder jetting (Gibson, Rosen, & Stucker, 2010). Indeed, the advantage of this technique is that the widest selection ranges of materials can be shaped at room temperature by comparatively faster production than other 3DP processes and the possibility exists of making slurries with higher solids loadings. On the other hand, multi-step processing, lower relative density, and higher surface roughness are some of its drawbacks (Mostafaei et al., 2021).