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Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski
The protection afforded by petrolatum against nonbiogenic chemical hazards also has been documented. A 1990 article reported on the evaluation of materials which were tested for chemical penetration by FT-IR spectroscopy (58). The length of time for ethyl disulfide to penetrate through a barrier thickness of 0.45 mm was determined, and it was found that petrolatum resisted penetration for 22 min, while a polyunsaturated fat allowed ethyl disulfide through the barrier after only 5 min. The effective skin protection characteristics of petrolatum also have been shown in studies involving exposure to sodium lauryl sulfate (59) and industrial sealants (60).
Nanotechnology Could Revolutionize Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Afrah Jalil Abd, Shahdeep Kaur, Ripandeep Kaur, Rupinder Kaur Kanwar, Bhupinder Singh, Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
Several studies have used drusen induction models to investigate the disease mechanisms and possible treatment strategies for dry AMD (Kliffen et al., 2000; Coffey et al., 2002; Jiang and Chiou, 2009). Drusen is a typical clinical manifestation in nonexudative AMD, located between the basement membrane of RPE and the Bruch's membrane, the prevalence and severity of drusen being proportionally related to age. Transgenic mice (APOE3-Leiden) can develop human apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) 3-leiden gene expression, when fed a high fat/cholesterol diet for nine months. However, this model can develop based on laminal deposit between the cell membrane of RPE and its basal membrane rather than drusen formation (Kliffen et al., 2000). Although this model mimics early stages of AMD, it seems rational to search for a less time-consuming model, particularly when the researchers have limited time available for the purpose. Similarly, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice are capable of eliciting AMD pathogenesis, when fed a standard or high-fat, especially polyunsaturated fat, diet. Clinical manifestations include accumulation of lipid particles in Bruch's membrane and VEGF expression in the outer nuclear layer of the retina (Rudolf et al., 2005). Nevertheless, research for more strategies regarding AMD induction and progression is still required by finding other models that closely mimic the occurrences in the eyes of the aged, since this disease is more complicated. Other transgenic mice apolipoprotein B100 demonstrates a high frequency of moderate basal laminal deposit when exposed to blue-green light (Malek et al., 2005). Several other investigations were performed to create more suitable models, particularly for the purpose of therapeutic studies. A transgenic mice line (mcd/mcd) that overexpresses the mutated form of cathepsin D, can develop degeneration and shortening of photoreceptors, in addition to the accumulation of immune reactive photoreceptor breakdown product within RPE (Rakoczy et al., 2002). Other experiments for photoreceptor degeneration suggests using pigmented dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons rats in various treatment studies of RPE and AMD remedies. Due to photoreceptor genetic defects, rat photoreceptors typically die during the first three months of their life. Consequently, they can provide additional incredible models for studying the suggested AMD therapeutic systems (Coffey et al., 2002).
Hydrophobic modified silica particle (HMSP)-stabilized cottonseed oil emulsion for oil recovery enhancement
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Entian Li, Lianghui Guo, Long He, Ruiqiang Dong, Akram Yasin, Linfang Cui, Yagang Zhang, Xiang Hu
As the main component in the emulsion, the cottonseed oil was collected from Xinjiang province of China; it contains 17.74 wt% monounsaturated fat, 60.64 wt% polyunsaturated fat, and 21.62 wt% saturated fat. Compared to other vegetable oils, cottonseed oil was more abundant and widely available in China, particularly in Xinjiang province. The formation water was supplied by Tahe oilfield; its salinity was 218,100.6 mg/L, and the total content of calcium and magnesium was 12,434.34 mg/L. The propylene glycol fatty acid ester (EmcolP M-50) with a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 4.1 was purchased from Wuxi Yatai United Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (Wuxi, Jiangsu, China). HMSP with a contact angle of 108 degrees was purchased from Nanjing Xiaomai Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). The scanning electron microscope (SUPRA 55VP, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) images of HMSP are shown in Figure 1.
Healthy Food Affordability in a New Zealand Context: Perception or Reality?
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2022
Katie Donovan, Kayla-Anne Lenferna De La Motte, Caryn Zinn
Nutrient density was determined using an adapted Naturally Nutrient Rich Index, which calculates the daily average percentage values of fourteen nutrients deemed to be beneficial to health.8 The following 25 nutrients were selected for analysis: thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, iodine, copper, sulfur, manganese, selenium, potassium, fiber, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and protein.
Determination of required HLB value and emulsifiers for the preparation of water in coconut oil emulsions for application in food process industries
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Amol Jayavant Gore, Sunil Subhash Bhagwat, Sudhakar Mhaskar, Sachin Saxena
Food emulsions are either oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions for example, liquid cream or milk, or water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, for example, margarine.[6] Today nuts and seeds continue to be enjoyed worldwide in various ways, as recipe ingredients, spreads, and snacks as a delicacy as vegan food. Various types of plant-based butters/spreads are available in market prepared from peanut, almond, cashew, pumpkin seed, etc. and named vegan butter.[8] Coconut oil is plant seed-derived edible oil that contains mostly saturated fatty acids and thus is slow to oxidize and resistant to rancidity. The refined coconut oil has no protein, carbohydrates or cholesterol with trace amounts of iron, vitamin E and vitamin K, and it is high in phenolic compounds, which are natural antioxidants.[9] Nowadays various industries are working on the preparation of vegan butter from the coconut oil emulsion with lower fat content. The use of coconut oil also reduces high unsaturation and increase medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in product with increased health benefits.[9] And sunflower oil used in combination with coconut oil has the highest polyunsaturated fat (PUFA's) (69%) compared to many commonly used vegetable oils. It supplies some monounsaturated fat (20%) and is low in saturated fat (11%), making it overall heart-healthy. About 50% PUFA is linoleic acid, mainly Omega-6, which helps lower LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) or bad cholesterol. It also contains Vitamin E, which is a powerful antioxidant that protects from harmful free radicals.[10] Water in oil emulsion such as butter and margarine can be stabilized by emulsifiers with Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value less than 6. Lecithin, Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR) and Distilled Monoglycerides (DMG) are used as a stabilizer in food emulsions which improves the texture of spread and flavor release of margarine.[5,11–13]