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An Overview of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Detection of Pesticides
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tahir Rasheed, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Muhammad Bilal, Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring, 2022
Archana Mishra, Soumya Mukundan, Jitendra Kumar
Because of toxicity caused by pesticide residues, there is strict regulation and legislation worldwide to protect consumers. The maximum residue level (MRL) is the maximum permissible amount of an individual pesticide residue present in or on food commodities. MRLs of these pesticides are dependent on their toxicity and the particular food commodities. The MRL also varies from region to region across the world. Food manufacturers are exporting products to various other countries, which must meet all the individual MRLs in their respective target regions. International regulatory agencies (USEPA, EU, and FSSAI) have developed a regulatory mechanism to control pesticides so that the content of residues of individual pesticides should not reach a level exceeding the regulatory maximum residue limits [11]. Pesticides can be detected by using both conventional analytical as well as advance sensor-based methods as shown in Figure 21.2.
Ongoing Use and Monitoring of DDT in South Africa
Published in Narendra Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment, 2021
Patricia Forbes, Yvette Naudé, Johanna Strumpher
For the same rural village in the Vhembe District, mean ΣDDT quantities were measured at 25 µg/kg in outdoor soil (n = 12), 43 µg/kg in leafy vegetables (n = 12), and an extremely high 240,000 µg/kg in domestic chicken fat (n = 12; Van Dyk et al., 2010). Barnhoorn et al. (2009) found ΣDDT levels of 45,000 µg/kg in domestic chicken fat from a DDT IRS village in the Vhembe District and up to 82,000 µg/kg in fish fat from the Luvuvhu River system in the same district. Thompson et al. (2017) reported ΣDDT of up to 79.1 ng/g wet weight in domestic free-range chicken breast meat and up to 96,666 ng/g wet weight in free-range domestic chicken eggs from a DDT-sprayed area in northern KwaZulu-Natal. The maximum residue level (MRL) is the highest level of a pesticide residue that is legally allowed in or on food or animal feed. European Union legislation on MRLs applies a general default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg in produce (https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/max_residue_levels/eu_rules_en). Concentrations of ΣDDT in food sources reported by Barnhoorn et al. (2009) and Van Dyk et al. (2010) exceed the MRL for produce.
Leaching
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Pesticide application strategies that influence pesticide residue levels in soil and thereby potential leaching include prevs. postapplication, split applications, placement methods, and use of different pesticide formulations. However, their influence on pesticide leaching is quite unclear and often overshadowed by other factors. Nevertheless, available data indicate that dividing the dose into two applications instead of one tends to reduce pesticide concentrations and the depth of migration in the subsoil. For similar reasons, pesticide leaching can be restricted by use of “slow-release” formulations in which the active ingredient is mixed with a solid matrix from which it gradually diffuses into the soil over an extended period. Placement of the pesticide instead of broadcasting, which reduces the soil surface area to which the pesticide is applied, also tends to reduce pesticide leaching.
Genotoxicity of thiacloprid in zebrafish liver
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Gülçin Yavuz Türel, Vehbi Atahan Toğay, Dilek Aşcı Çelik
Pesticide residues, especially in foods and environment, above acceptable daily limits may cause health problems, such as acute and chronic poisoning, teratogenic, and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in humans. Studying the acute or chronic toxicity of pesticides is therefore important to gaining insight into their potential long-term effects on animals and humans. TH is expected to have low acute toxicity on non-target organisms, like other neonicotinoids, due to its high selectivity against insect nAChRs.21 However, resent research has shown otherwise.22 This unexpected high toxicity of TH may be due to its accumulation in tissues or continuous exposure to TH. As mentioned before, TH is stable in water for up to 1 year.1 As a result, it may pose a potential risk to humans and other non-target organisms.13 This perspective requires further different aspects and in-depth investigation.13 So, in order to accurately evaluate the toxicity of TH, especially in short-term studies as this one, it is thought that studies should be conducted at doses much higher than the instantaneous environmental concentration. Therefore, in this study, a higher dose than the environmental concentration of TH was chosen and it was planned to reveal possible cumulative effects on humans or other non-target organisms in a short-term study. Long-term studies are also carried out to determine the long-term effects of TH on non-target organisms.23
Role of Ozone in Post-Harvest Disinfection and Processing of Horticultural Crops: A Review
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
S Vijay Rakesh Reddy, D.V Sudhakar Rao, R.R. Sharma, P. Preethi, R Pandiselvam
Some chronic effects of consuming pesticide residues include neurotoxicity, carcinogenesis, abnormal reproduction, and cell development (Burrows et al. 2002). Hence, the contamination by pesticide residues is a major concern for both the farmers and the consumers. There are several ways to reduce pesticide residues. For example, washing of harvested produce with or without chlorine has shown to reduce the pesticide residues (Kaushik, Satya, and Naik 2009). Household preparations containing different proportions of vinegar, common salt, and tap water or refrigeration followed by multiple stir frying has shown to remove a major portion of pesticide residues from vegetables (Zhang, Liu, and Hong 2007). Similarly, nanofiltration (Chen et al. 2004), activated carbon filtration (Foo and Hameed 2010), reverse osmosis (Bonne et al. 2000), distillation, adsorption (Tepus, Simonic, and Petrinic 2009), photocatalytic degradation (Devipriya and Yesodharan 2005), photodegradation (Tanaka and Reddy 2002), ionizing irradiation (Basfar, Khaled, and Al-Saqer 2012), gamma irradiation, biodenitrification reactors (Aslan and Turkman 2006), electrolysis adsorption (Vlyssides et al. 2005), microwaving (Salvador et al. 2002), electrochemical oxidation (Arapoglou et al. 2003), and ozonation (Ikeura, Kobayashi, and Tamaki 2011a; Wu et al. 2007a) are few other approaches used commercially to decrease the load of residues.
Residues levels of pesticides in walnuts of Iran and associated health risks
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh, Hasan Badibostan, A. Wallace Hayes, John P. Giesy, Gholamreza Karimi
Despite application of modern protection techniques in agricultural practice, weeds, pathogens, and pests are still the most important problems. Due to the need for greater yields of crops and to preserve quality, pesticides, including insecticides, are used at various stages of plant growth (Liu et al. 2016). Pesticide residues in several fresh and processed products have posed risks to health of humans, such as increased risks of stillbirth and birth defects. To protect health of consumers from chronic risks of effects of pesticides extensively used in agriculture strict controls on when and how much can be applied to food items (Taghizadeh et al. 2019). Most countries have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides, especially pesticides used in agriculture (Codex Alimentarius Commission 2018, USEPA 2015). For instance, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulates maximum concentrations of pesticides permitted in foods, including walnut. The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) follow the same general principles and methods for assessing risks of chemicals. The actual values are published in reports of both committees (WHO 2009). For food additives and for residues of pesticides in food, the health-based guidance value is termed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) (Table 1) (Taghizadeh et al. 2019).