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In vitro Evaluation
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Nanosystems and nanomaterials are general terms to designate any entity with at least one dimension having sizes ranging in the nanometric scale, which includes a huge variety of nanoentities with different properties, such as nano-emulsions, nanoparticles, polyplexes, dendritic structures, micelles and liposomes, among others [1–3]. The interest of colloidal nanosystems has witnessed an exponential increase since the first reports appeared in the 1990s (Fig. 27.1A). Specifically, the interest in their use for biomedical applications, the field in which they are called nanomedicine, has increased notably during the past 20 years (Fig. 27.1B) [4–6], because current treatments have not yet solved some drawbacks, such as the controlled release of therapeutic compounds and their appropriate biodistribution. In parallel, there has been an exponential increase in the impact of personalized medicine on nanotherapies (Fig. 27.1C). Since the beginning of gene therapy, this type of therapy has arisen as an opportunity to treat each individuals with the specific requirements defined in their genome so it must be taken into account when designing nanosystems. It is thought that by combining the advantages of nanotechnology and personalized medicine, very efficacious treatments will be developed in the next few years.
Quantum Mechanics and Its Applications
Published in Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Nano- and Micro-Electromechanical Systems, 2018
Utilizing fundamental results in nanosystems, applied research, engineering, and technology have undergone major developments in recent years. High-performance nanostructures and microdevices have been fabricated, tested, and implemented (accelerometers, microphones, actuators, sensors, molecular wires, transistors, etc.). Nanoengineering and nanoscience study nanosystems, as well as their subsystems, devices, and structures that are made from atoms, molecules, or molecular complexes. Students and engineers have obtained the necessary background in physics classes. Complex phenomena, effects, properties, and performance of materials (media) are examined and understood through the analysis of the atomic structure, and the electron is considered a fundamental particle.
Drug Targeting: General Aspects and Relevance to Nanotechnology
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Preethi Naik, Megha Marwah, Meenakshi Venkataraman, Gopal Singh Rajawat, Mangal Nagarsenker
With over a century of research in drug delivery and targeting, today, we are standing on a mountain of information that can be judiciously employed to appease human suffering. The ultimate goal of targeted drug delivery is to develop clinically useful formulations by improving the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy. From the brief discussions of few of the applications of targeted systems, it is evident that targeting has great potentials in resolving important clinical problems. The different targeting modalities are not independent but are interrelated with each other. With increasing incidence of resistance, the future of targeted systems now moves towards development of cocktail of multiple strategies within a single system. Whilst developing targeted systems one must bear in mind the following considerations: (1) targeted systems alone hold the key in overcoming existing problems of chemotherapy; (2) targeting must result in preferential accumulation of material at target site. Hence, careful selection of target is vital; (3) though some basic concepts of targeting are well understood and established, true targeted system is far from reality; and (4) simultaneous monitoring of biodistribution of nanoparticles and assessing of therapeutic efficacy of system can help personalization of nanomedicine. This can be achieved by co-incorporation of drug and imaging agent within single formulation. Whilst advancing research in development of nanosystems, it must be borne in mind that these systems pose significant toxicity issues. These observations clearly warrant new ways of handling toxicity of nanocarriers wherein safety evaluation and risk benefit analysis be performed on case to case basis and not rely on toxicological data of bulk material alone. There is a need for a new framework of regulatory guidelines along with laws, ethics and testing protocols.
Compartmentalization of therapeutic proteins into semi-crystalline PEG-PCL polymersomes
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Juliana de Almeida Pachioni-Vasconcelos, Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário, André Moreni Lopes, Adalberto Pessoa, Leandro Ramos Souza Barbosa, Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
To determine the proteins encapsulation efficiency (EE %), the nanosystems were centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 x g and the protein concentration in the supernatant was determined by the bicinchoninic acid method (BCA).[15] The method is based on the formation of a Cu2+-protein complex under alkaline conditions, followed by reduction of the Cu2+ to Cu1+. BCA forms a purple-blue complex with Cu1+ in alkaline environment, providing the basis to monitor the reduction of alkaline Cu2+ by proteins. The amount of reduction is proportional to the protein concentration. The EE % was calculated by the difference between the protein concentration of the initial solution of BSA and the protein concentration of the supernatant, as detailed in Equation (2).
Aloe Vera coated Dextran Sulfate/Chitosan nanoparticles (Aloe Vera @ DS/CS) encapsulating Eucalyptus essential oil with antibacterial potent property
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Mirhane Mostafa Darwish, Mona S. Elneklawi, Ebtesam A. Mohamad
Nanotechnology has an important role in human applications, since nanosystems have advanced physicochemical properties due to their high surface area relative to their volume [5–8]. It provides different novel methods for regenerative medicine. Recently, nanomaterials for biomedical applications have gained focus, some of which are used topically for drug delivery in wounds as they enhance wound healing, burn recovery and anti-inflammation effect. Nanotechnology can be used for delivering a bioactive natural component with antimicrobial and wound healing properties, in an attempt to solve the current challenges of wound healing [9–11].
Principles of risk decision-making
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Daniel Krewski, Patrick Saunders-Hastings, Patricia Larkin, Margit Westphal, Michael G. Tyshenko, William Leiss, Maurice Dusseault, Michael Jerrett, Doug Coyle
The second generation of active nanostructures will introduce multi-step reactions at the nanoscale with NP that combine a limited number of chemical steps or reactions. For example, multistep drug delivery devices and multistep sensors. The third-generation nanotechnology will feature more complex, active nanosystems with several interacting reactions creating higher order complexity. The fourth generation of active nanotechnology is predicted to have hierarchical nanosystems functioning and rivaling that of living cells in their complexity.