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Agent Systems
Published in Vivek Kale, Agile Network Businesses, 2017
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a software engineering paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. A program is seen as a collection of cooperating objects, as opposed to the traditional view in which a program is seen as a list of instructions to the computer. The OOP paradigm addressed issues of reuse and maintenance by encapsulating data and their corresponding operations within an object class. To change a data structure, it is often necessary to change all the functions related to the data structure. OOP was deployed as an attempt to promote greater flexibility and maintainability, since the concepts of objects in the problem domain have a higher chance of being stable than functions and data structures.
Preliminaries
Published in Subrata Ray, Fortran 2018 with Parallel Programming, 2019
A computer is a machine that can perform basic arithmetic operations at a very high speed. It can take logical decisions and select alternative paths depending upon the program logic. It can communicate with the external world via its input/output devices. To get a job done, the computer needs to be instructed through a computer program. A computer program is a set of instructions through which one instructs a computer to perform a specific job. The computer’s processor understands only one language, called the machine language. The machine language is machine dependent and is difficult for humans to learn. To circumvent this difficulty, several artificial languages (sometimes called high-level languages) have been developed. These artificial languages are very easy to learn and are practically machine independent. However, this requires translation to the machine language of the particular machine. The translation is done by the computer itself through a system program called a compiler. The compiler, while translating, checks the grammar of the language; if the source program is free from grammatical errors, it generates the machine language version of the source program, called the object program for the machine, which is subsequently linked (using a system program called the linker) to various libraries of the system. The resultant code, called the executable code, is executed by the machine. As different machines use different machine languages, the compilers are naturally machine dependent. Therefore, that a particular machine can execute a program written in a high-level language implies that the compiler for that high-level language is available to the computer system.
Machine learning in drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
The foremost questions that one is very likely to ask when speaking of ML are – “what does one mean by learning?”, “what does it mean for a machine to learn”? It is quite easy to diverge into philosophical thoughts to seek answers to these questions, which is why we will present an introduction of practical significance. Traditionally, computers have been designed to perform tasks based on a set of instructions provided as a computer program. Though useful, this approach limits a computer to a machine that can only obey the same set of instructions repeatedly. The field of ML deals with algorithms and mathematical models to enable a computer (machine) to perform tasks without using explicit instructions (i.e., programs or rules). Thus, ML enables a computer to learn from experiences and modify the algorithms to improve its performance in carrying out the assigned task. In a contemporary context, ML methods are techniques for developing Artificial Intelligence (AI) which gives machines or computers the ability to learn from experience without being explicitly programed.[19] The experience for computers is analogous to “data” and “rules” derived from the data (related to processes or product in our context), be it historical or current.[20]