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Recent Trends in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Biomedical Applications
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Shikandar D. Bukkitgar, Nagaraj P. Shetti, Kakarla Raghava Reddy
Nanotubes such as CNTs have been widely applied in electrochemical investigations. The investigations have emphasized the role of oxygen-containing groups, sidewalls, and the CNT tips. It has been reported that the reaction mechanisms of the analyte necessarily facilitate the electroactive properties of CNTs rather than the nanotube tip and/or oxygen-containing surface groups [89]. Further, the orientation of the CNTs as reported by Liu et al. should also be considered to obtain better electrochemical performance. This has been demonstrated by the better electrochemical performance of vertically aligned short CNTs due to the high accessibility of the ends of the tubes to the sample when compared to CNTs which lie down on the electrode surface [90]. In addition, efficient mass transport through nonplanar radial diffusion has to be promoted by using the optimal density of CNT that avoids overlap of the diffusion layers from each CNT. This further facilitates exposure of CNT tips to the analyte and the sidewalls are embedded inside the insulator [91]. Nanorods, nanowires, and nanofibers have been also extensively used for the fabrication of biosensors. Nanorods can be synthesized with various techniques such as template-assisted electrochemical synthesis [92–99].
Glycan-Based Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Songul Yasar Yildiz, Merve Erginer, Tuba Demirci, Juergen Hemberger, Ebru Toksoy Oner
Nanorods are semiconducting materials or metals with nano-sized rod shaped structure with good biocompatibility and high surface area. They can be synthesized as chemically inert. For example nontoxic gold nanorods are used for imaging and DDS (Parab et al., 2009; Tong et al., 2009).
Polymers in Special Uses
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Polymer nanostructures are those with at least one dimension not exceeding 100 nm. Thus, a solid polymer in the form of wire with diameter smaller than about 100 nm is called a polymer nanowire. It is a connecting structure. Tiny components are connected together into a very small circuit using these connectors. Nanowires are also known as quantum wires. Nanorods and nanotubes are nanostructures in the shape of long sticks and tubes with a diameter in the nanoscale but having a length that is very much longer. On the other hand, polymer films of nanosize thickness can be formed on various surfaces as required for specific applications.
A review on green approaches utilizing phytochemicals in the synthesis of vanadium nano particles and their applications
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Smriti Bansal, Ankita Singh, Deepak Poddar, Sanjeeve Thakur, Purnima Jain
This is the most used technique for the biogenic synthesis as listed in Table 2. This method had been used for carrying out the simple synthesis of vanadium oxide nanorods using the leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia that are highly compatible for the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Same had been observed, while using the extract of Phyllanthus amarus for VONRs synthesis as a therapeutic agent for cancer cells. These nanorods have industrial application because of its faster rate, eco-friendly and cost-efficient protocol that make them highly efficient in biomedical as well as in energy conservation field.[95,96]
Pure antimony film as saturable absorber for Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2018
M. F. A. Rahman, M. Z. Zhalilah, A. A. Latiff, A. H. A. Rosol, M. Q. Lokman, A. R. Bushroa, K. Dimyati, S. W. Harun
These limitations have led to demonstrations of nanomaterials as alternative passive SA. Nanomaterials have great quantum confinement due to their small dimensionality and show outstanding optoelectronic properties(7,8). One-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) graphene under these materials have been greatly pursued for some years. Graphene quickly became popular as it exhibits almost zero energy band-gap that covers wideband operation (8). However, graphene is reported to have relatively small modulation depth (2.3% per layer) (9,10). This has led to the discovery of other 2D materials, such as Topological Insulators (TIs) (Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, Sb2Te3) (11), Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) (MoS2, WS2, MoSe2) (12) and Black Phosphorus (BP) (13). Those 2D materials consist of combining two elements, and sometimes the fabrication and handling process is complex too. For instance, BP is a hydrophilic material which is easy to damage when exposed to air and oxygen (13). TIs have an intrinsic defect that needs to be technically controlled for achieving massless Dirac surface (14). Another potential material to be utilized as SA is gold. Wang et al. demonstrated the use of gold nanorods SA to induce Q-switched and mode-locked laser (15). The nanorods fabrication is complex, requiring many technical procedures to achieve highly even thickness and growing structure. Moreover, gold is known as expensive material. Besides expensive material, ethanol has been reported as a low-cost material as SA in generating mode-locked laser (16). Ethanol is not so robust since it is easy to vaporize and special technique is required to overcome this volatilization issue.
Closed form solution for dynamic analysis of rectangular nanorod based on nonlocal strain gradient
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Babak Alizadeh Hamidi, Farshad Khosravi, Seyed Amirhosein Hosseini, Reza Hassannejad
A trend of using nanostructures for different aspects has been widely increased, especially in recent years. Since emerging of the nanostructures [1], many researchers have investigated mechanical behavior, namely, bending [2], vibration [3], buckling [4], fracture [5], etc., in nanoscale. Nanostructures have some individual characteristics such as physical, chemical, biological, electrical, and optoelectrical characteristics [6–11], which make them increasingly be used. A nanorod is a type of nanostructure, which can be made from carbon, gold, zinc oxide, etc.[12] and be formed by synthesizing from metals or semiconducting materials.